1.1 Introduction
Real-time transport information system is a technology-driven system that provides up-to-the-minute updates about transportation services, such as bus locations, arrival times, and service disruptions. This system integrates GPS tracking, data analytics, and communication technologies to offer accurate and current information to users (Srinivasan, 2022). Real-time transport information systems leverage technology to provide up-to-date information about bus locations, arrival times, and route changes. These systems use GPS and communication technologies to track buses and relay information to passengers, helping to reduce uncertainty and improve the overall travel experience (Akinola & Akinbode, 2021). Implementing such a system in Nigeria can address the current inefficiencies and support better management of the public transport network (Nwachukwu & Ogunode, 2022). In Nigeria, public bus transport systems face challenges related to unreliable schedules, insufficient route information, and inefficient management, which often lead to delays and inconvenience for passengers (Osei, 2020). As urbanization and population growth continue to accelerate, the demand for effective and reliable public transport solutions has become more pressing (Ajibade et al., 2019).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The background of real-time transport information systems globally can be traced back to the early 1990s, when advancements in GPS technology and telecommunications enabled the development of such systems in cities around the world (Cervero & Golub, 2007). Initially, these systems were implemented in developed countries like the United States and European nations, providing passengers with real-time information on bus locations, schedules, and estimated arrival times. These innovations aimed to improve the efficiency of public transport systems, reduce delays, and enhance customer satisfaction.
In Nigeria, the public transportation system has traditionally been informal and unregulated, dominated by minibuses, known as "danfo" in Lagos and similar forms across the country. These systems operated without structured schedules, making it difficult for passengers to plan their journeys efficiently (Adefolalu, 1977). It was not until the early 2000s that more organized public transport systems, such as the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Lagos, began to emerge. These systems were designed to offer more reliable services, though the lack of real-time tracking technology meant that passengers still faced uncertainty regarding bus arrival times (Ogunbodede, 2008).
The concept of a real-time transport information system for public bus services in Nigeria started gaining attention in the mid-2010s. Efforts to introduce modernized transport technologies were driven by the need to address urban congestion and improve the quality of public transportation in major cities like Lagos, Abuja, and Port Harcourt (Olawale & Adewale, 2017). Despite these efforts, progress has been slow due to infrastructural challenges, financial constraints, and the need for a robust technological framework.
In recent years, the increasing availability of mobile phones and internet connectivity across Nigeria has opened up new possibilities for real-time transport information systems. The growth of mobile applications and GPS technologies has made it easier for cities and transport operators to track buses and provide real-time updates to passengers (Akinyemi & Ayodeji, 2021). This shift marks a significant milestone in the evolution of public transport services in Nigeria, with the potential to transform how citizens interact with and rely on public transport systems.
Urbanization has intensified the demand for effective and reliable public transport solutions. Nigeria's rapid urban growth has put immense pressure on existing transport systems, exacerbating problems related to traffic congestion and delays (Ajibade et al., 2019). The lack of real-time information on bus locations and arrival times exacerbates these issues, leading to a negative impact on the daily lives of commuters (Nwachukwu & Ogunode, 2022). Public transport in Nigeria, particularly bus services, has been plagued by issues such as unreliable schedules, poor communication of bus timings, and outdated management practices (Osei, 2020). These challenges result in inefficient service delivery, passenger dissatisfaction, and increased congestion on roads (Akinola & Akinbode, 2021).
The advent of digital technologies presents an opportunity to address these problems. Real-time transport information systems, which utilize GPS tracking and mobile communication technologies, offer a solution to enhance the efficiency and reliability of public bus services (Ojo et al., 2023). By providing accurate and timely information to passengers, such systems can improve route planning, reduce waiting times, and increase overall satisfaction with public transport services (Akinola & Akinbode, 2021). This study aims to explore and implement a real-time transport information system specifically designed for the Nigerian context, focusing on addressing the unique challenges faced by public bus transport services in the country.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
Investigation revealed that the public bus transport system in Nigeria faces numerous challenges that hinder its efficiency and reliability. One of the most pressing problems is the lack of real-time information regarding bus schedules and locations, leading to uncertainty and delays for passengers. Without a real-time transport information system, passengers often spend extended periods waiting for buses without knowing when the next bus will arrive or whether it will be full. This unpredictability contributes to dissatisfaction among commuters and reduces the overall attractiveness of public transportation (Akinyemi & Ayodeji, 2021).
Another significant issue is traffic congestion, particularly in major cities like Lagos, Abuja, and Port Harcourt, where poor traffic management exacerbates delays in public bus transport services (Ogunbodede, 2008). The absence of a system that can provide real-time traffic updates and bus route optimization further compounds the problem. Consequently, buses often get caught in traffic jams, causing further delays and reducing the efficiency of the transport network.
Furthermore, the lack of reliable information on bus availability and routes limits the ability of transport operators to manage their fleets effectively. Without real-time data, operators cannot respond to unexpected changes in demand or traffic conditions, leading to operational inefficiencies and increased costs (Olawale & Adewale, 2017). This inefficiency also affects the safety of passengers, as overcrowding or sudden changes in routes can occur without proper communication to users.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The main aim of this study is to design and implement a real time transport information system for public bus transport service in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To develop a system that provides real-time information on the location and availability of public buses;
- To optimize bus routes using real-time traffic data in order to reduce delays caused by congestion;
- To improve passenger convenience by providing accurate bus arrival and departure times;
- To enhance the operational efficiency of bus transport operators through real-time fleet management; and
- To promote the safety of passengers by offering timely updates on bus capacity and unexpected route changes.
1.5 Significance of Study
The real-time transport information system for public bus transport services in Nigeria will benefit passengers by providing real-time updates, helping them plan their journeys more efficiently. Also, it will assist bus operators in managing fleets and optimizing routes, improving operational efficiency and service delivery.
Additionally, the government will gain valuable insights into public transportation patterns, aiding in better urban planning and infrastructure development.
Furthermore, the proposed system will promote environmental sustainability by encouraging more people to use public transport, reducing the reliance on private vehicles. It will also foster technological advancement and innovation in the public transport sector, enhancing Nigeria's overall transport infrastructure.
1.6 Scope of Study
The scope of this research is focused on the Design and Implementation of a Real Time Transport Information System for Public Bus Transport Service in Nigeria using ABC Transport in Anambra State as a case study.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
The limitations of this study were influenced by several factors.
- Insufficient data was a challenge, as there was a lack of comprehensive and reliable records on public transport operations and passenger behavior.
- Additionally, financial constraints limited the scope of the research, restricting access to advanced technologies.
- Time constraints further compounded these issues, reducing the depth of analysis and limiting the duration of the system testing phase.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Real-Time Transport Information System:
A technology-driven system that provides up-to-the-minute updates about transportation services, such as bus locations, arrival times, and service disruptions. This system integrates GPS tracking, data analytics, and communication technologies to offer accurate and current information to users (Srinivasan, 2022).
Public Bus Transport Service:
It is a mode of public transportation where buses are used to transport passengers along designated routes. These services are typically managed by governmental or private organizations and aim to provide affordable and efficient transit options to the public (Smith & Jones, 2021).
GPS (Global Positioning System):
It is a satellite-based navigation system that enables real-time tracking of vehicles by providing accurate location data. GPS technology is crucial for monitoring the position of buses and ensuring the effective operation of real-time transport information systems (Doe, 2019).
Data Analytics:
It is the process of examining raw data to draw meaningful insights and support decision-making. in the context of transport systems, data analytics helps in predicting bus arrival times, optimizing routes, and improving overall service efficiency (Lee & Wang, 2020).
User Interface:
It is the point of interaction between users and the transport information system. A well-designed user interface ensures that passengers can easily access and interpret real-time data regarding bus schedules and locations (Brown, 2018).
