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Patients Cooperation Towards Presence of Students During Radiological Examination

Patients' Co-operation Towards Presence of Students During Radiological Examination

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Reference ID: PS-24985-TM

DEDICATION

This research work titled "Patients’ Co-operation Towards Presence of Students During Radiological Examination" is dedicated to God for his enabling grace and to all computer enthusiasts who help to make life a pleasant experience.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Nursing (Science), Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing/related research material for your moral support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am grateful to God Almighty and my parent for their financial support in my career. I really appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Conceptual Review
  • 2.3 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.4 Empirical Studies

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Research Design
  • 3.3 Population of Study
  • 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
  • 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
  • 3.6 Method of Data Collection
  • 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
  • 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
  • 3.9 Ethical Consideration
  • 3.10 Statistical Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
  • 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
  • 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
  • 4.5 Discussion of Findings

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Summary of Findings
  • 5.3 Conclusion
  • 5.4 Recommendation
  • 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”


Patients’ Co-operation Towards Presence of Students During Radiological Examination

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Radiological services can be defined simply as services which are rendered to a patient visiting the radiology department which can be either routine services those carried out on a day to day basis or some special examinations that are carried out on special cases that require the use of contrast agents (Ochonma et al., 2014). The consent and cooperation of patients regarding involvement of medical students in their care is vital to medical education. The use of ultrasound as a teaching modality is being increasingly incorporated in integrated curriculum by medical schools. Patients' perceptions towards presence of medical students during ultrasound examination have not been explored in previous studies which mostly reported positive attitudes in respective specialty.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.


1.2 Background of Study

Patients have imperative role in clinical teaching of medical students and interaction with patients is vital for the education of medical students (Sayed-Hassan, Bashour, & Koudsi, 2012). Regular contact with patients has manifold advantages for medical students: it can hone communication and professional skills, foster context-based clinical learning, and promote development of a healthy doctor-patient relationship in future. Patients' involvement and readiness to collaborate in medical student's education and training can provide better teaching at multiple levels of patient care (Alawad & Younis, 2014).

Clinical placements are an important component in the education of students who are training in the healthcare professions. Here, they begin to witness examinations of patients thereby gaining required experience as it concerns the hospital environment. The ultrasound is a rapid and non-invasive imaging modality. Its use has been greatly increased by clinicians over the past few decades. The portability of ultrasound system has further made it readily accessible to both inpatient and outpatient bedside settings (Brown, Adhikari, Marx, Lander, & Todd, 2012).

The increased utilization of bedside ultrasound by medical specialties demands for early ultrasound exposure and teaching at medical student level. The medical schools have started integrating a vertical ultrasound education in their curriculum that also includes hands on training sessions (Cook, Hunt, & Hoppman, 2007).

Different studies have been conducted to know about the attitudes of patients about the participation and immersion of medical students in their care. Some of these studies revealed that patients decline or feel negative about involvement of medical students in their care (Passaperuma, Higgins, Power, & Taylor, 2008). The comfort level of patients regarding medical students vary in different specialties like obstetrics and gynecology patients feel more comfortable with female students (Anfinan et al., 2014) while urology patients (Passaperuma et al., 2008) give preference to male students(Alawad & Younis, 2014). The use of ultrasound as a teaching modality is being increasingly incorporated in integrated curriculum by medical schools (Cook et al., 2007). Recent transitions in medical curriculum have also promoted early clinical visits to all specialties and so in ultrasound clinics. The University College of Medicine has been successfully running integrated modular system for the last three years. Early hospital visits and involvement in patient's care is also an integral part of this system.

As it concerns sex as the most important factor, anecdotal evidence from male students have shown how difficult it is to obtain experience whenever it concerns female patients. In radiography, invasive examinations are often and inadvertently restricted to mainly female students. Female patients tend to be more apprehensive when they have male students around than female students in radiological examinations like HSG.

Nevertheless, previous studies carried out especially on medical students revealed a general acceptance of them as patients had a positive view of them, but specific details on assessing the level patients co-operate when students participate in intimate radiological examinations. Again, these studies have been carried out on Caucasians with the awareness that the values of this country are different from theirs; it becomes necessary to assess this major factor in clinical excellence within our locality.

Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to assess the patients' co-operation towards presence of students during radiological examination.


1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that radiological services patient care which involves all the activities that are carried out before, during and after radiological diagnostic procedures to make the conditions of patient better had a great role in influencing patient satisfaction. From the practical experience it was noted, patients usually reacts to some factors that create problems in radiology department such as delay, neglect, use of harsh words on them, unnecessary repeats and preferential treatments. Patients arrived the radiology department are often worried or apparently in aggressive attitude (Chand et al., 2012).


1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to assess the patients' co-operation towards presence of students during radiological examination. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

  1. To explore the attitudes of patients towards presence of medical students during radiological examination
  2. To examine patients' response to presence of medical students during radiological examination
  3. To assess if the student's gender has an effect on the patients' acceptability.
  4. To examine patients' feedback on the involvement of Radiography students in radiological examinations at a Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH).

1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

  • Does student's gender affect patients' acceptability of radiological examination?
  • What are the attitudes of patients towards presence of medical students during radiological examination?
  • What is the response of patients towards the presence of medical students during radiological examination?
  • What is the patients' feedback on the involvement of Radiography students in radiological examinations at Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH)?

1.6 Research Hypothesis

In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

Hypothesis One

  • H0: Patients' co-operation towards presence of students during radiological examination is significantly not encouraging
  • H1: Patients' co-operation towards presence of students during radiological examination is significantly encouraging

Hypothesis Two

  • H0: Student's gender does not affect patients' acceptability of radiological examination
  • H1: Student's gender affects patients' acceptability of radiological examination

1.7 Significance of Study

This study will be of immense benefit to academic student and other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.


1.8 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on assessment of patients' co-operation towards presence of students during radiological examination in Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH).


1.9 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

  1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
  2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
  3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
  4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

1.10 Operational Definition of Terms

Radiological services: Radiological services can be defined simply as services which are rendered to a patient visiting the radiology department which can be either routine services those carried out on a day to day basis or some special examinations that are carried out on special cases that require the use of contrast agents (Ochonma et al., 2014).

Attitude: The way one behaves towards somebody or something that shows how you think or feel.

Knowledge: To have information about something because you have experience or because you have learned it or be told.

Perception: To notice something in a particular way or hold a view about something.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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