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Cystoisosporiasis and Associated Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Patients with Malaria

Cystoisosporiasis and Associated Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Patients with Malaria

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Cystoisosporiasis and Associated Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Patients with Malaria” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Public Health for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Cystoisosporiasis and Associated Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Patients with Malaria provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

    CHAPTER TWO

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Conceptual Review
    • 2.3 Theoretical Framework
    • ⋮
    • 2.4 Empirical Studies
    • 2.5 Research Gaps
    • 2.6 Summary of Literature Review

    CHAPTER THREE

    RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Research Design
    • 3.3 Population of Study
    • 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
    • 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
    • 3.6 Method of Data Collection
    • 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
    • 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
    • 3.9 Ethical Consideration
    • 3.10 Statistical Analysis

    CHAPTER FOUR

    DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
    • 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
    • 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
    • 4.5 Discussion of Findings

    CHAPTER FIVE

    SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Summary of Findings
    • 5.3 Conclusion
    • 5.4 Recommendation
    • 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study

    REFERENCES

    APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”


    ABSTRACT

    Cystoisospora belli infection often occurs in immunocompriomised individuals, notably in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS. Concentration techniques was used for diagnosis of Cystoisospora belli. A total of 375 samples from HIV-positive patients and 50 samples from HIV-negative patients were processed using the modified kiyoun staining methods. In addition patients blood samples were analysed and examined for malaria and CD4 cells by Giemsa staining technique and Flow cytometry. The overall prevalence of the coccidian was 14.93% and there was a significant association between the HIV infected patients and Non HIV subjects (P<0.05).

    There was no significant diference among the sex and age group (P>0.05). There was a significant relationship between Cystoisosporiasis and CD4 cell counts in HIV-positive patients (P<0.05). Risk factors such as level of education, swimming and occupation among HIV patients did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the prevalence of C. belli infection while source of water and contact with animals significantly affected the prevalence of C. belli infection. Other risks factors such as washing of hands and washing of vegetables showed significant differences. This study has demonstrated that C. belli infection is prevalent in General Hospital Minna, Niger State, Nigeria and, as a result, may increase the burden on HIV-infected patients.


    Cystoisosporiasis and Associated Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Patients with Malaria

    CHAPTER ONE

    1.1 Introduction

    … As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.…

    CHAPTER TWO

    2.0 Literature Review

    2.1 Introduction

    This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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