Determination of the Phytoconstituent Essential Elements Proximate and Antimicrobial Analysis of Scent Leaf Extract

Determination of the Phytoconstituent Essential Elements, Proximate and Antimicrobial Analysis of Scent Leaf Extract

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-24947-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “Determination of the Phytoconstituent Essential Elements, Proximate and Antimicrobial Analysis of Scent Leaf Extract” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Microbiology, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Determination of the Phytoconstituent Essential Elements, Proximate and Antimicrobial Analysis of Scent Leaf Extract” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

    CHAPTER TWO

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 2.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER THREE

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • 3.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER FOUR

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Results
    • ⋮
    • 4.3 Discussion of Findings

    CHAPTER FIVE

    SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Summary
    • 5.3 Conclusion
    • 5.4 Recommendation

    REFERENCES

    ABSTRACT

    The study was carried out to determine the phytoconstituent essential elements, proximate and antimicrobial analysis of scent leaf extract. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the proximate composition of scent leaf extract, carry out antimicrobial analysis of scent leaf extract and carry out an elemental analysis and antimicrobial screening of the scent leaf sample. The phytochemicals screening of the leaves using Standard Methods and further analysis with HPLC revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phlobatanins, terpenoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides. The elemental analysis was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The result revealed the presence of Na (0.311±0.049), Ca (0.138 ±0.111), Mg (1.712 ± 0.537), K (0.261± 0.077), Mn (0.457±0.107, Pb (0.005 ± 0.002), Zn (0.200 ±0.06), Cu (0.803±0.818), N (0.286± 0.052), and Fe (0.312 ± 0.067). Cd and Cr were not detected in the samples. This investigation suggested that Ocimum gratissimum leaves are rich in phytochemical constituents which contributed to its medicinal uses. The leaves of Ocimum gratissimum can be said to contain some components of medical value since the chemical components elaborated by it are active principles (alkaloid, steroids and glycosides). Ocimum gratissimum also contain most of the essentials elements indicating its nutritive values and less toxic as Cd and Cr were not detected in the leaf.

    Determination of the Phytoconstituent Essential Elements, Proximate and Antimicrobial Analysis of Scent Leaf Extract

    CHAPTER ONE

    1.1 Introduction

    The plant Ocimum gratissimum is one of those plants widely known and used for both medicinal and nutritional purposes. It is a perennial plant that is widely distributed in the tropics of Africa and Asia. It belongs to the Family Labiatae and it is the most abundant of the genus Ocimum. The common names of the plant are Basil Fever plant or Tea bush and vernacular names include Daidoya tagida (Hausa), Nichonwu (Igbo), Tanmotswangiwawagi (Nupe) and Efinrin (Yoruba) (Abdullahi et al., 2003; Idris et al., 2011). The plant is cultivated mostly for the leaves and has been used extensively by ethno medicine practitioners for a variety of purposes. In coastal areas of Nigeria, the plant is used in the treatment of epilepsy (Efirin, 2009) and diarrhoea (Sofowara, 1993).

    As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

    1.2 Background of Study

    Ocimum gratissimum (Scent leaf) is plant species mainly found in the tropics and widely used as spices. Scent leaf is widely distributed in the tropics of Africa and Asia. It is a woody based perennial plant. It has an average height of 1-3 meters. The leaves are broad and narrowly ovate, usually 5-13cm long and 3-9cm wide. It is a scented shrub with lime-green fuzzy leaves (Efirin, 2009).

    Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individual and the communities. The medicinal values of some plants lie in some chemical substances that produce definite physiological actions in the human body. The most important of these bioactive constituents are alkaloids, tannis, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Many of these indigenous medicinal plants are used as spices and food plants (Okwu, 1999 & 2001). An Ethno botanical and ubiquitous plant serves as rich resources of natural drugs for research and development (Kong et al, 2008).

    The plant is cultivated mostly for the leaves and has been used extensively by ethno medicine practitioners for a variety of purposes. In coastal areas of Nigeria, the plant is used in the treatment of epilepsy (Efirin, 2009; diarrhoea (Sofowara, 1993). The Igbos of southern Nigeria uses it in the management of the baby’s cord. It is believed to keep the baby’s cord and wound surface sterile (Efirin, 2009). Its major culinary function centres on its usefulness as a seasoning because of its pleasant aromatic flavour.

    Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to determine the phytoconstituent essential elements, proximate and antimicrobial analysis of scent leaf extract.

    1.3 Statement of Problems

    Investigation revealed that the increase in the consumption of western diets and neglect of our traditional foods has precipitated a corresponding increase in ill-health due to diet related non- communicable diseases. These diseases are of various forms; cancer, kidney and liver diseases, diabetes and many more. Prevention of these diseases based on new incidences of these diseases is imperative.

    Currently, nutrients from plant based foods have promising solution (Ene-Obong, 2008). Vegetable based foods are advocated because of their high content of non-nutritive dietary components that are safer and more beneficial to man. Some of these vegetables contain antioxidants and phytochemicals.

    1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

    The aim of the study is to determine the phytoconstituent essential elements, proximate and antimicrobial analysis of scent leaf extract. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

    1. To determine the proximate composition of scent leaf extract
    2. To carry out antimicrobial analysis of scent leaf extract
    3. To examine the phytoconstituent essential elements of scent leaf extract
    4. To determine the nutrient and phytochemical potentials of scent leaf on dry weight basis.
    5. To carry out an elemental analysis and antimicrobial screening of the scent leaf sample.

    1.5 Significance of Study

    The results of this study would be a promising and useful tool to home makers on the increasing need to produce both cultivated and wild forest vegetable and consume them, especially the children and younger adults. Increase consumption of these vegetables might be the solution to the cases of micronutrient deficiencies worldwide and some chronic and deadly diseases such as cancers and other diseases and their complications, particularly in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive.

    This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

    1.6 Scope of Study

    The scope of the research is focused on the determine the phytoconstituent essential elements, proximate and antimicrobial analysis of scent leaf extract.

    1.7 Limitations of the Study

    During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

    1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
    2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
    3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
    4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
    …

    CHAPTER TWO

    2.0 Literature Review

    2.1 Introduction

    This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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