1.1 Introduction
The establishment of an effective and adequate internal control system is the duty of the management of any enterprise, this assist in the discharge of their responsibility for the prevention and detection of irregularities and fraud. In present day decision making, the importance of relevant, reliable and timely accounting information cannot be overemphasized; hence the need for a strong and reliable internal control system which is able to assure user and decision makers that the information provided in the financial statements are true and fair.
The source and strength of accounting information in any accounting system depends on the strength of the various controls put in place by the management of such reporting entity, a major reason that a professional auditor must ascertain and evaluate the accounting and internal control system which an entity utilized in the process of providing the information used in preparing its financial statement.
Internal control system, according to the Auditing Practice Committee is “the whole system of control for financial or otherwise, established by the management in order to carry on the business of the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner, ensure adherence to management’s policies, safeguard the assets and secure as far as possible the completeness and accuracy of the records”. The International Standards on Auditing (ISA 400) defined internal control to mean all the policies and procedures adopted by the management of an entity to assist in achieving management’s objective of ensuring as far as practicable, the orderly and efficient conduct of its business, including adherence to management policies, the safeguarding of asset, the prevention and detection of Fraud and errors, the accuracy and completeness of accounting records and the timely preparation of reliable financial information.
Public sector entities are increasingly recognizing the benefits of organizational governance. A recent survey sponsored by the department of accounting at Colorado State University, “Audit Committees, Internal Auditing, and Outsourcing in Local Governments: A Survey of Current Practice,” queried 522 local governments on their use of organizational governance. The findings indicate that although there has been an increase in the use of these practices since the early 1990s, there is still ample opportunity for organizational governance players to add value to their local governments.
Internal controls are an integral part of any organization’s financial and business policies and procedures. Internal controls consist of all the measures taken by the organization for the purpose of:
- Protecting its resources against waste, fraud, and inefficiency.
- Ensuring accuracy and reliability of accounting and operating data.
- Ensuring compliance with the policies of the organization.
- Evaluating the level of performance in all organizational units of the organization
What internal control do…
- Promote orderly, economical, efficient and effective operations.
- Safeguard resources against, loss due to waste, abuse, mismanagement, errors and fraud.
- Promote adherence to laws, regulations, controls and management directives.
- Develop and maintain reliable financial and management data and accurately present that data in timely reports.
1.2 Background of Study
Awka South Local Government Area (LGA) is made up of nine towns, namely, Amawbia, Awka, Ezinato, Isiagu, Mbaukwu, Nibo, Nise, Okpuno and Umuawulu. There are three major streets that span this area, which are the Zik Avenue, Works Road and Arthur Eze Avenue. In the past, the people of Awka South LGA were well known for blacksmithing. Today they are respected among the Igbo people of Nigeria for their technical and business skills (Wikipedia, 2021).
Awka is a town in Awka south local government area, It is the seat of government, And has a lot of prominent people both home and abroad while Amawbia is home to the state house i.e. Governor's lodge and the State Prisons. Nise have notable infrastructures like WAEC (West African examination council) state head office and St. Paul University college situated there. Isiagu community is a town in Awka south local government area. It is one of the agricultural areas in the state with rich fertile soil for farming. It is believed to be one of the ancient towns in south eastern Nigeria (igbo land) (Wikipedia, 2021).
Isiagu community has had two traditional rulers till date. The current traditional ruler is Igwe Augustine Nwankwo (igwe agu 1 of Isiagu). Isiagu has two primary schools and one secondary school. The community has a history of peaceful coinhibition and strong cultural heritage(Wikipedia, 2021).
1.3 Statement Of The Problem
This research work is carried out to understand the role which internal control system plays in the overall performance of business organization; the problems that triggered this study include:
- Continuous report of errors, frauds and material misstatements by auditors which ought to have been detected and corrected by management in the implementation of its policies.
- Inadequate enlightenment on the need for and purpose of internal control system in an organization.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to examine the Effectiveness of Internal Control System on Cooperative Performances using Awka South LGA, Anambra State as a case study. In achieving this sole aim, the specific objectives were set out as follows:
- To examine critically the internal control system existing in Awka South Local Government,
- To ascertain the elements of internal control in Awka South Local Government
- To examine the effect internal control system has on Awka South Local Government performance.
- To identify the factors that weakens the internal control system of an organization.
- To investigate why internal controls fails to detect material misstatement thereby increasing the control risk to the auditors.
1.5 Research Questions
The following are the questions of the research work;
- Of what importance is the internal control system?
- Who establishes the internal control system?
- What is the duty of the statutory auditor in relation to internal control system?
- Does the internal control system improve organizational performance?
- Is the internal audit department an element of internal control?
- Does internal control system aid the prevention and detection of errors and fraud in an organization?
- Is the audit committee a control element?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis One
- Ho: Internal control system does not aid adequate financial reporting
- Hi: Internal control system aids adequate financial reporting.
Hypothesis Two
- Ho: Internal control system does not help in preventing and detecting errors, frauds and material misstatement
- Hi: Internal control system helps in preventing and detecting errors, frauds and material misstatement
1.7 Significance Of The Study
This study is of great importance to students, business organizations, consultants and the entire society. It will educate the management on the importance of internal control system, elements of the control system, how the system is established and it role in achieving a better organizational performance.
Furthermore, it will establish the various ways of ensuring effectiveness of control and methods of reducing its limitations that have been identified by previous researchers.
1.8 Scope Of Study
The scope of this study is limited to the case study, though the result will be generalized. Also the business is located in Lagos thus geographically its scope is limited. The questionnaire will be administered to the members of staff of Awka South Local Government which is a small population when compared to the business environment obtainable in Nigeria.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this institution to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition Of Terms
Audit Committee: This body is required to be set up by Companies and Allied Matter Act (CAMA) 1990 to comprise a maximum of 3 directors and the other 3 shareholders.
Control Risk: This is the risk that the internal control system of an organization will fail to prevent or discover material mis-statements present in the financial statement.
Error: This refers to unintentional mistakes in financial statements.
Fraud: This refers to an intentional act by one or more individuals among management, employees or third parties which results in a misrepresentation of financial statement.
Internal Audit: A review of the organization of a business which may be in many respects similar to a statutory audit but which is carried out by employees of the business who are responsible only to management.
Materiality: An item will be considered to be material in the context of the financial statement if its omission, misstatement or non-disclosure is significant enough to affect the message passed by such financial statement.
