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Evaluation of Fresh Aquatic Plant (Azollapinnata) and Artificial Diet on Growth Performance, Gastric Evacuation Rate and Carcass Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)

Evaluation of Fresh Aquatic Plant (Azollapinnata) and Artificial Diet on Growth Performance, Gastric Evacuation Rate and Carcass Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Evaluation of Fresh Aquatic Plant (Azollapinnata) and Artificial Diet on Growth Performance, Gastric Evacuation Rate and Carcass Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Fishery and Aquaculture for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Evaluation of Fresh Aquatic Plant (Azollapinnata) and Artificial Diet on Growth Performance, Gastric Evacuation Rate and Carcass Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.0 Introduction
  • 1.1 Tilapia culture in Aquaculture
  • 1.2 Fresh Aquatic Plants as Plant Based Protein
  • 1.3 Problem statement
  • 1.4 Justification of Study
  • 1.5 Objectives of Study

CHAPTER TWO

  • 2.0 Literature Review
  • 2.1 Nile Tilapia Culture in Aquaculture
  • 2.2 Oreochromisniloticus
  • 2.2.1 Classification of Oreochromisniloticus
  • 2.2.2 The Biology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)
  • 2.2.3 Water Quality Parameters for Oreochromisniloticus
  • 2.3 Need for Aquatic Plants as Protein Source in Fish Feed
  • 2.4 Azollapinnata
  • 2.4.1 Classification of Azollapinnata
  • 2.4.2 Ecology, Distribution and Description of Azollapinnata
  • 2.4.3 Reproduction of Azollapinnata
  • 2.4.4 Benefits of Azollato Plants
  • 2.4.5 Use of Azollain Bioremediation
  • 2.4.6 Use of Azollaas Nutritional Supplement for Livestock Feed
  • 2.4.7 Use of Azollaas human food and component of space diet
  • 2.4.8 Beneficial Effects of Azollaon Physio-chemical Properties of Soil
  • 2.4.9 Nutritional values and Chemical evaluation of Azollapinnata

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Materials and Methods
  • 3.1 Project Site
  • 3.2 Procurement of Nile Tilapia juveniles and artificial feed
  • 3.3 Procurement and Culture of Fresh Aquatic Plant (Azollapinnata)
  • 3.4 Experimental design and procedure
  • 3.5 Water quality analysis
  • 3.6 Proximate analysis of artificial feed and Azollapinnata
  • 3.6.1 Determination of Ash Content
  • 3.6.2 Determination of Moisture Content
  • 3.6.3 Determination of Crude fiber
  • 3.6.4 Determination of Protein Content
  • 3.6.5 Determination of Fat Content
  • 3.6.6 Amino acid profile analysis of Azollapinnata
  • 3.7 Growth indices and Feed utilization indices
  • 3.7.1 Mean Weight Gain, MWG (g)
  • 3.7.2 Total percentage Weight Gain, TWG (%)
  • 3.7.3 Specific Growth Rate (S.G.R) (%)
  • 3.7.4 The Length-Weight Relationship
  • 3.7.5 Condition Factor
  • 3.7.6 Total Feed Intake (g) and Protein intake (g)
  • 3.7.7 Feed Conversion Ratio (F.C.R)
  • 3.7.8 Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)
  • 3.7.9 Survival rate
  • 3.8 Gastric evacuation rate and Carcass composition
  • 3.9 Statistical analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

  • 4.0 Results
  • 4.1 Azollapinnata reproduction
  • 4.2 Water quality analysis
  • 4.3 Proximate analysis of artificial diet (durante feed)
  • 4.4 Proximate composition and amino acid profile of Azollapinnata
  • 4.5 Growth indices
  • 4.5.1 Length-Weight relationship
  • 4.5.2 Condition factor
  • 4.6 Feed utilization indices
  • 4.7 Carcass composition of experimental fish in all treatments
  • 4.8 Gastric evacuation rate of experimental fish in all treatments
  • 4.9 Survival rate

CHAPTER FIVE

  • 5.0 Discussion
  • 5.1 Azollapinnata reproduction
  • 5.2 Water quality analysis
  • 5.3 Proximate analysis of artificial diet (durante feed)
  • 5.4 Proximate composition and amino acid profile of Azollapinnata
  • 5.5 Growth performance
  • 5.5.1 Length-Weight relationship
  • 5.5.2 Condition factor
  • 5.6 Carcass composition of experimental fish in all treatments
  • 5.7 Gastric evacuation rate of experimental fish in all treatments
  • 5.8 Survival rate & n

REFERENCES


ABSTRACT

Alternative plant protein sources are generally cheaper compared to animal protein sources and may be the solution to reduce the high dependence of farmers on fish meal due to the limited world supplies and increasing price of fishmeal. This study focuses on growth performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus); its gastric evacuation rate and carcass composition when fed with fresh aquatic plant and artificial diet.

Azollapinnataand artificial diet (control) were fed at 3% body weight of 90 Oreochromisniloticusweighing 24±1.43g for 56 days (8 weeks) in three treatments T1(artificial diet), T2 (artificial diet 50% and aquatic plant 50%) and T3 (aquatic plant); each having three replicates. Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Food Conversion Ratio (FCR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Protein Intake (PI) and Length-Weight Relationship were used to determine the growth performance and feed utilization. The serial slaughter method was used to determine Gastric Evacuation Rate (GER) and Gastric Transit Time (GTT). Proximate composition of fish carcass was determined using standard methods. Data were analysed using Descriptive analysis and ANOVA at α0.05.

Fish fed both artificial diet and aquatic plant T2 attained a significantly higher MGW and SGR, and attained the best correlation coefficient value which indicates a good relationship between length and weight. T1 and T2 showed no significant difference in FCR but were significantly lower than T3. The PER showed that T2 was significantly higher than T1 and T3. Duncan's test of significance indicated that there was no significant difference in the daily feeding rate and GER of Oreocromisniloticusacross the treatments but GTT differed in T3. Fish fed only Azolla, T3 had a GTT of 3 hours where as T1 and T2 was 4 hours. Carcass proximate analysis showed that crude protein of T3 was significantly higher than T1. Fat content of T3 was significantly higher than those of T1 and T2.

Oreohchromisniloticusperformed better when fed with both artificial diet and aquatic plant, it also attained a higher crude protein level and lower moisture content when fed only aquatic plant compared to those fed only artificial diet.


Evaluation of Fresh Aquatic Plant (Azollapinnata) and Artificial Diet on Growth Performance, Gastric Evacuation Rate and Carcass Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

… As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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