1.1 Introduction
Antibiotics can be defined as any chemical substance of small organic molecules which at low amounts are harmful to the metabolic activities and growth of other microbes (Brun and Skimkets, 2000). The natural products obtained from microorganisms are still appearing as the most auspicious source of the future antibiotics (Pelaez, 2006). Antibiotics which are mostly in use today are the natural derivatives of fungi and actinomycetes (Tawiah et al., 2012).
Antibiotics are chemicals when the chemical are put into the body, they stop the growth of kinds of germs. They help the body to fight diseases. More than 3,000 years ago ancient people stumbled over the discovery that some moulds could be used as a cure. In nature, there is universal dissemination of antibiotics among the microorganisms responsible for their antagonism (Euanorasetr et al., 2010).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
In 1945, Waksman used the word antibiotics for the first time and proposed that it can be defined as a chemical substance of microbial origin that possesses antibiotic powers. He discovered a drug called streptomycin. It originated from microbes found in soil and was a cure for many intestinal diseases. Now antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin was discovered. Each was effective against certain disease, but scientist wanted more. Doctors however, anted broad spectrum drug. That is a single antibiotic that could cure many diseases. Therefore, this work was carried out to Antibiotics Production Potentials of Bacteria Isolated from Ant Bores.
Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, particularly pressing in developing nations where infectious diseases, poverty and malnutrition are endemic. Infections caused by resistant bacteria have been shown to be more frequently associated with increased morbidity and mortality than those caused by susceptible pathogens. In areas of concentrated use, such as hospitals, antimicrobial resistance lead to hospital stays, increased health care costs and in extreme cases untreatable infections. The lack of clinical microbiology laboratories to identify the specific etiologic agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility testing has increased empirical therapy which in turn leads to emergence of AMR. Moreover, self-antibiotic prescription, lack of access to local antibiogram data and poor awareness of prescriber about AMR were the leading local factors for AMR development in Ethiopia (Aberaet al., 2014).
The adult human vagina is a complex biota containing a profusion of micro organisms. These can be either unicellular or multicellular and are present everywhere in nature. Bacteria and yeast form normal flora of this ecosystem, which is normally found on the skin and every opening of the body such as mouth, ears, rectum and vagina. Even a neonate carries specific flora of his/ her mother and soon develops own floral community. This flora persists till death of the individual. An adult human carries normal flora consisting of more than 200 bacterial species. Normally these are harmless and are involved in benefiting their hosts. Yet some are parasitic in nature, living at the expense of their host, and some are even pathogenic. These pathogenic microbes, after getting a chance, invade their hosts and lead to opportunistic infection. These diseases caused by normal flora are termed endogenous diseases (Khan et at., 2002).
Resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents is an imminent threat to patient management all over the world. This issue has plagued policy makers and clinicians everywhere but there seems to be no simple way of circumventing the problem. Rapidly rising antibiotic resistance is a challenge to comprehensive patient care in all branches of medical science. The interaction between various clinical bacteria and the antimicrobial agents is a complex issue involving the prokaryotic adaptive mechanisms and genetic changes. This complex interaction must be studied in depth in order to achieve a sustainable and effective solution to the looming threat of antibiotic resistance. Earlier, the problem of antibiotic resistance was primarily a concern for not so comical infections. But now, even community acquired infections are caused by organisms with high levels of antibiotic resistance. As a report had demonstrated, such multi-drug resistant community acquired infections can be a cause of significant.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to identify the Bacteria Isolate from Vaginal Discharge to Antibiotics.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents is an imminent threat to patient management all over the world. This issue has plagued policy makers and clinicians everywhere but there seems to be no simple way of circumventing the problem. An all-encompassing problem that doesn’t just pertain to clinical personnel and microbiologists, but service personnel, industry stakeholders, specialists and the general public.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to identify the bacteria isolate from vaginal discharge to antibiotics. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated;
- To identify the isolated bacteria; and
- To isolate bacteria from the urinary tract of women of child-bearing age using vaginal swab.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What is the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated?
- What are the isolated bacteria?
- What are the bacteria isolated from the urinary tract of women of child-bearing age using vaginal swab?
1.6 Significance of Study
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Isolation and Sensitivity of Bacteria Isolate From Vaginal Discharge to Antibiotics.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
1.9 Definition of Terms
Isolates: isolate simply means cause (a person or place) to be or remain alone or apart from others.
Phytochemical: This is a substance produced mainly by plants, and these substances have biological activity.
Component: it simply means one part of a whole thing.
Antibacterial: Anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or their ability to reproduce. Heat, chemicals such as chlorine, and antibiotic drugs all have antibacterial properties.
