1.1 Introduction
Plaster of Paris (POP) is a quick-setting material made from calcium sulfate hemihydrate, widely used in orthopaedics for immobilizing fractured bones and supporting musculoskeletal injuries during the healing process (Bhandari et al., 2019). The proper application of POP is a critical skill for orthopaedic technicians, as it not only stabilizes the affected area but also prevents complications such as skin irritation, pressure sores, compartment syndrome, and delayed bone healing (Okeke et al., 2020). The skillful use of POP requires a combination of theoretical knowledge, practical experience, and adherence to standardized procedures.
Orthopaedic technicians play a central role in ensuring the success of fracture management and rehabilitation. Their knowledge encompasses understanding the types of fractures, the anatomical considerations, correct molding techniques, and the timing and removal of POP casts. In addition, their attitude towards adopting best practices, maintaining patient safety, and continually updating their skills influences the quality of care provided (Ali et al., 2021).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are significance of the study, scope of work, research hypothesis and questions, limitation of the study and definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Plaster of Paris (POP) has a long-standing history in orthopaedic care, tracing back to the early 19th century when it was first introduced as a material for immobilizing fractures. According to Bhandari et al. (2019), POP became widely adopted in medical practice due to its rapid setting time, ease of molding, and cost-effectiveness compared to other immobilization methods such as wooden splints or bandages. Its application revolutionized fracture management, allowing for better stabilization of injured limbs and improving patient recovery outcomes.
In the Nigerian context, orthopaedic services in tertiary hospitals such as Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, have adopted POP as a standard immobilization material for fractures and musculoskeletal injuries. Ali et al. (2021) affirmed that orthopaedic technicians play a central role in applying POP correctly, and their competence has a direct effect on patient outcomes. Historically, however, studies have documented that the skill levels of technicians vary widely, with some relying on outdated practices, insufficient supervision, and limited continuing education, leading to improper applications and avoidable complications.
Plaster of Paris (POP) is a widely used material in orthopaedic practice for immobilizing fractures and providing support during the healing process. According to Bhandari et al. (2019), the proper application of POP is critical in preventing complications such as skin irritation, pressure sores, compartment syndrome, and delayed fracture healing. The role of orthopaedic technicians is therefore essential, as their knowledge and attitude towards POP application directly influences patient outcomes.
Okeke et al. (2020) reported that the use of POP in orthopaedics has evolved significantly over the years. Early techniques emphasized mechanical immobilization with little consideration for patient comfort or potential complications. With advances in medical training and orthopaedic knowledge, standardized protocols for POP application have emerged, including guidelines on proper padding, molding techniques, and regular monitoring to prevent pressure sores and other adverse effects (Okeke et al., 2020).
Some studies assert that the effectiveness of POP application is not solely dependent on technical skill but is also influenced by the professional's attitude towards following protocols and adopting best practices. Technicians with a positive attitude is likely to adhere to guidelines and ensure proper patient care, while negative attitudes may compromise treatment quality (Ali et al., 2021). Furthermore, Onyekwere et al. (2020) stated that even when technicians possess adequate knowledge, complacency or reliance on outdated practices is a recurring challenge in orthopaedic departments. It is contended that continuous professional development and regular supervision is necessary to maintain high standards of practice. Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, being a major tertiary hospital, receives a high volume of fracture cases and depends heavily on the skill and competence of orthopaedic technicians. According to Chukwu and Eze (2019), the combination of high patient load and variability in technicians' knowledge and attitudes often results in inconsistent quality of care. This study is set against the backdrop of these challenges, aiming to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of orthopaedic technicians towards proper POP application.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that attitudes of orthopaedic technicians towards proper POP application is a key determinant of how effectively they adhere to recommended procedures. Some technicians may exhibit complacency or rely on outdated methods due to lack of continuing education, which is a barrier to maintaining high-quality care (Okeke et al., 2020). Others may be motivated and diligent but are hindered by systemic issues such as high patient loads, inadequate supervision, or insufficient resources, which is also a factor affecting outcomes.
Furthermore, the relationship between knowledge and attitude is critical. Even with adequate knowledge, a negative attitude towards standardized protocols is likely to result in improper application, while a positive attitude may not be sufficient if knowledge gaps exist (Ali et al., 2021). It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to explore the knowledge and attitude of orthopaedic technicians towards proper Plaster of Paris (POP) application at the Federal Medical Centre, Keffi.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of orthopaedic technicians towards proper POP application at Federal Medical Centre, Keffi. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To examine the attitude of orthopaedic technicians towards adherence to standard POP application procedures.
- To determine the level of knowledge of orthopaedic technicians regarding proper POP application.
- To identify the factors affecting the proper application of POP in the hospital.
- To recommend strategies that will enhance knowledge, improve attitudes, and ensure effective POP application among orthopaedic technicians.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What is the level of knowledge of orthopaedic technicians regarding proper POP application at Federal Medical Centre, Keffi?
- What is the attitude of orthopaedic technicians towards adherence to standard POP application procedures?
- What factors affect the proper application of POP in the hospital?
- What strategies will enhance knowledge and improve attitudes of orthopaedic technicians towards proper POP application?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
- H0: There is no significant relationship between the knowledge and attitude of orthopaedic technicians and proper POP application at Federal Medical Centre, Keffi.
- H1: There is a significant relationship between the knowledge and attitude of orthopaedic technicians and proper POP application at Federal Medical Centre, Keffi.
1.7 Significance of Study
The outcome of this research will contribute to improved patient care by ensuring proper POP application, reducing complications, and enhancing the overall quality of orthopaedic services. This study will also benefit orthopaedic technicians by accentuating areas where additional training or professional development is required.
Furthermore, the study will ensure safer and more effective fracture management, reducing treatment-related complications. In addition, the study will provide data for designing training programs and supervision policies that will improve service quality.
Lastly, the study will contribute to the body of knowledge on orthopaedic practices in Nigeria and serve as a reference for future studies.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the knowledge and attitude of orthopaedic technicians towards proper pop application, using Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, in Nasarawa State, Nigeria as a case study.
The research is limited to technicians in this tertiary hospital, reflecting the practices and challenges within this healthcare environment.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
- Initial Cooperation Delay from Respondents: A particular limitation of this work came as a result of the respondent refusal to offer their cooperation at the initial time they were contacted. This contributed in making the success of this research study difficult.
1.10 Definition of Terms
Plaster of Paris (POP): A quick-setting material made from calcium sulfate hemihydrate, used in orthopaedics to immobilize fractures and support injured limbs (Bhandari et al., 2019).
Orthopaedic Technicians: Health professionals trained to assist in the management of musculoskeletal injuries, including the application of POP casts (Okeke et al., 2020).
Knowledge: The understanding of principles, procedures, and best practices required for proper POP application (Ali et al., 2021).
Attitude: The disposition, behavior, or approach of orthopaedic technicians towards following standard procedures and protocols in POP application (Onyekwere et al., 2020).
Complications: Negative outcomes from improper POP application, such as pressure sores, skin irritation, or delayed healing (Chukwu & Eze, 2019).
Tertiary Hospital: A referral healthcare institution providing specialized medical services, including orthopaedic care (Ali et al., 2021).
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