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Production of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil (pko) Using Sodium Ethoxide: the Effect of Time
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Production of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil (pko) Using Sodium Ethoxide: the Effect of Time

This page presents an excerpt of the available research material, including the Preliminary Pages, Table of Contents, Abstract, Chapters One to Five, and References. It provides a comprehensive overview of the study, enhancing readability and accessibility for students, and researchers seeking complete material on “Production of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil (pko) Using Sodium Ethoxide: the Effect of Time”.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Biochemistry for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Production of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil (pko) Using Sodium Ethoxide: the Effect of Time provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Background of Study
  • 1.3 Statement of Problems
  • 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
  • 1.5 Research Questions
  • 1.6 Significance of Study
  • 1.7 Scope of Study
  • 1.8 Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Conceptual Review of Biodiesel
  • 2.3 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.3.1 Properties of Palm Kernel Oils and Biodiesel
  • 2.4 Historical Background of Biodiesel
  • 2.5 Transesterification Process for Palm Kernel to Biodiesel Production

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Study Area
  • 3.3 Materials Used
  • 3.4 Equipment and Apparatus Used
  • 3.5 Experimental Procedure
  • 3.5.1 Parameter Calculation

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Results
  • 4.3 Analysis of Research Questions
  • 4.4 Discussion of Findings
  • 4.4.1 Viscosity and Specific Gravity Tests
  • 4.4.2 Effect of Reaction Time
  • 4.4.3 Testing Biodiesel for Quality

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Summary of Findings
  • 5.3 Conclusion
  • 5.4 Recommendation

REFERENCES


ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to examine the effect of time production of biodiesel from palm kernel oil (PKO) using sodium ethoxide. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to determine the effect of reaction time on biodiesel production from palm kernel, test the produced Biodiesel from palm kernel for quality and evaluate the viscosity and specific gravity tests of biodiesel production from palm kernel. In the production of biodiesel a wide variety of vegetable oils can be used as raw material. In this research palm kernel oil was used. The pure palm kernel oil could have been used as diesel but the viscosity would just be too high for application in engines and automobiles. In an attempt to modify (or improve on) the viscosity, transesterification was done with the aid of sodium-ethoxide; a blend of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethanol (C2H6O). The effect of time on the yield and how it affects the viscosity of the PKO- biodiesel so produced was investigated. The biodiesel obtained had a viscosity that was less than that of the original PKO by almost 80%. And results obtained from the runs indicate that the yield is nearly independent on reaction time. This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.


CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Biodiesel also referred to as non-petroleum based fuel consists of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by transesterification of vegetable or animal fat (tallow), which can be used (blend conventional petrol diesel) in unmodified diesel engine vehicles (Goering et al., 2012). According to Gerpen (2005), biodiesel production is through the chemical reaction of an animal fat or vegetable oil with an alcohol for instance methanol which requires the presence of a catalyst (usually a base) like potassium or sodium hydroxide which in turn produces new chemical compound called methyl esters. Biodiesel could be prepared from varieties of oil from vegetables like canola, corn, cotton seed oil, peanut, safflower, soybean, sun floweroil, palm oil, olive oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

…

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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