1.1 Introduction
Oral health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a state of being free from chronic mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases that limit an individual's capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial well-being (WHO, 2022). It is an integral component of overall health and quality of life, as it affects nutrition, communication, and social interaction (Peres et al., 2019). Underserved communities typically include populations in rural areas, low-income urban neighborhoods, and marginalized groups that experience significant disparities in oral health outcomes compared to their more affluent counterparts (Petersen & Kwan, 2011). Poor oral health in these communities is associated with higher rates of untreated dental caries, periodontal diseases, and tooth loss, conditions that can lead to chronic pain, impaired nutrition, and reduced self-esteem (Patrick et al., 2006).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Oral health is a fundamental aspect of overall health and well-being, yet it remains one of the most neglected components of primary health care, especially in underserved communities. According to the World Health Organization (2022), oral health encompasses the ability to speak, smile, smell, taste, chew, swallow, and convey emotions without pain or discomfort. However, millions of people worldwide suffer from preventable oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral infections, which significantly impact quality of life and productivity. The WHO further asserted that oral diseases are among the most common non-communicable diseases globally and disproportionately affect poor and marginalized populations.
Peres et al. (2019) reported that oral health disparities are closely linked to social determinants such as poverty, education, and geographic location. They affirmed that individuals in low-income and rural areas often experience limited access to dental care, lack of oral health education, and inadequate preventive measures. Similarly, Petersen and Kwan (2011) stated that underserved populations face systemic barriers, including a shortage of oral health professionals, poor infrastructure, and minimal integration of oral health services into broader health care systems.
Benzian et al. (2012) contended that political neglect and underfunding of oral health programs have contributed to its low priority in global and national health agendas. They asserted that oral health has historically received less attention compared to other health issues, despite its strong link to systemic conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Patrick et al. (2006) reported that cultural beliefs, misconceptions, and inadequate awareness also play a significant role in the persistence of poor oral health behaviors in underserved communities. On the other hand, Watt et al. (2019) affirmed that effective strategies to improve oral health require comprehensive and context-specific interventions, including preventive programs, policy reforms, and integration of oral health into primary health care. This study is set against the backdrop of the urgent need to develop and implement strategies.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the current health care system in many underserved communities lacks adequate dental facilities and professionals. Most existing health facilities do not prioritize oral health services, and where available, they are concentrated in urban areas, leaving rural and low-income populations without sufficient access. Also, the health system does not adequately incorporate preventive oral health measures or community-based education programs. As a result, there is poor awareness about the importance of oral hygiene and preventive care among underserved populations.
Furthermore, there is a shortage of oral health professionals willing to work in underserved areas due to poor infrastructure, low remuneration, and limited professional development opportunities. This workforce gap contributes significantly to the disparity in oral health outcomes between urban and rural populations. Additionally, public health policies often prioritize other pressing health issues, leaving oral health marginalized in resource allocation and planning (Watt et al., 2019). It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to explore strategies for improving oral health in underserved communities.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of this study is to assess strategies for improving oral health in underserved communities by addressing barriers to access, affordability, and awareness through preventive and integrated health care approaches.
The specific objectives of this study are to:
- Evaluate the role of preventive measures and community-based education in improving oral health outcomes.
- Identify the major barriers to accessing oral health care in underserved communities.
- Examine the current strategies and programs addressing oral health disparities in these communities.
- Assess the integration of oral health services into primary health care systems in underserved areas.
- Recommend sustainable and cost-effective strategies to improve oral health services in underserved communities.
1.5 Research Questions
Based on the stated objectives, the research will address the following questions:
- What are the major barriers to accessing oral health care in underserved communities?
- What strategies and programs currently exist to address oral health disparities in these communities?
- How do preventive measures and community-based education influence oral health outcomes in underserved populations?
- To what extent are oral health services integrated into primary health care systems in underserved areas?
- What sustainable and cost-effective strategies can be implemented to improve oral health in underserved communities?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: There is no significant relationship between the implementation of oral health improvement strategies and the reduction of oral health disparities in underserved communities.
- H1: There is a significant relationship between the implementation of oral health improvement strategies and the reduction of oral health disparities in underserved communities.
Hypothesis Two
- H0: Preventive measures and community-based education does not significantly influence oral health outcomes in underserved communities.
- H1: Preventive measures and community-based education significantly influence oral health outcomes in underserved communities.
1.7 Significance of Study
It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will assist health professionals and organizations in designing effective educational programs that will increase awareness of oral hygiene practices and the importance of regular dental care. In addition, this study will help improve the quality of life in underserved communities by reducing the burden of oral diseases and promoting better overall health.
Furthermore, the research will provide oral health professionals and educators with strategies that will enhance awareness and promote healthy oral practices among underserved populations. It will also contribute to academic research by adding to existing knowledge on oral health disparities and solutions, thereby serving as a reference point for future studies.
Lastly, the implementation of the findings will improve access to affordable and quality oral health care, reduce the burden of oral diseases, and enhance the overall well-being of individuals in underserved communities.
1.8 Scope of Study
This study will focus on strategies for improving oral health in underserved communities within Ogun State, Nigeria. The scope will cover the assessment of barriers to oral health, evaluation of existing programs, and recommendations for preventive and community-based strategies. The study will involve health care workers, local government health authorities, and residents of underserved communities to ensure practical and context-specific findings.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
- Initial Cooperation Delay from Respondents: A particular limitation of this work came as a result of the respondent refusal to offer their cooperation at the initial time they were contacted. This contributed in making the success of this research study difficult.
1.10 Definition of Terms
Oral Health:
Oral health refers to the state of being free from chronic mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other disorders that affect the ability to bite, chew, and speak comfortably (World Health Organization, 2022).
Underserved Communities:
These are populations that have limited or no access to adequate health care services, including oral health care, often due to factors such as poverty, rural location, or lack of infrastructure (Petersen & Kwan, 2011).
Preventive Care:
Preventive care in oral health refers to measures taken to avoid the occurrence of dental diseases, such as regular tooth brushing, flossing, use of fluoride, and professional dental check-ups (Peres et al., 2019).
Primary Health Care:
Primary health care is the essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families through their full participation, emphasizing preventive, and curative services, including oral health (World Health Organization, 2018).
Community-Based Strategies:
These are interventions implemented within a community setting to improve health outcomes through education, outreach programs, and participation of community members in promoting oral hygiene (Patrick et al., 2006).
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