1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
The discourse on governance and political stability has become increasingly critical in shaping the development trajectory of nations, especially in Africa. In Nigeria, the question of governance is at the core of its political and socio-economic challenges. Good governance is widely recognized as a prerequisite for political stability, national development, and social cohesion. It involves the establishment of transparent, accountable, and participatory systems that respect the rule of law, protect human rights, and provide equal access to public services (UNDP, 2012).
Since gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria has witnessed a turbulent political history marked by military coups, civil unrest, electoral fraud, and violent conflict. Despite transitioning to democratic rule in 1999, the country continues to experience political instability driven by ethnic tensions, corruption, poor leadership, and weak institutions (Ake, 2001). Good governance offers a framework for overcoming these challenges by promoting transparency, accountability, efficiency, inclusiveness, and responsiveness in public administration. It ensures that political power is exercised in a manner that benefits all segments of society while fostering a culture of trust between the government and the governed. According to Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2010), nations that uphold good governance principles tend to experience lower levels of conflict, stronger institutions, and more resilient democracies (Kaufmann et al., 2010).
In the Nigerian context, governance has been characterized by persistent challenges such as corruption, lack of transparency, weak institutions, and ineffective leadership, which have impeded political stability and national development. Political stability refers to the ability of a country to maintain order, enforce laws, and provide a secure environment where democratic institutions can thrive (Kaufmann, Kraay, & Mastruzzi, 2010). However, the gap between governance ideals and reality remains wide. Issues such as electoral malpractice, lack of judicial independence, executive dominance, and widespread corruption have created conditions for political instability (Ikelegbe, 2005).
Historically, Nigeria has experienced periods of military rule, civilian dictatorship, and democratic governance, all of which have influenced the political landscape. However, despite transitioning to democratic rule since 1999, the country continues to struggle with instability in the form of electoral violence, insurgency, secessionist agitations, and inter-ethnic conflicts. The relationship between governance and political stability is particularly crucial because good governance serves as a foundation for peace, security, and sustainable development. It fosters citizen trust in government institutions, promotes inclusive participation, and ensures the equitable distribution of resources.
According to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, 2009), good governance refers to the processes and institutions through which decisions are made and authority in a country is exercised. It embodies key principles such as accountability, transparency, responsiveness, rule of law, inclusiveness, effectiveness, and efficiency (UNESCAP, 2009). Therefore, understanding the role of good governance in promoting political stability in Nigeria is essential for policymakers, civil society, and scholars seeking long-term solutions to the country's governance challenges.
1.2 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the persistent instability in Nigeria's political system is deeply rooted in the failure to uphold the fundamental principles of good governance. Despite over two decades of uninterrupted democratic rule, the country continues to grapple with issues such as electoral violence, corruption, weak institutions, lack of transparency, and limited public participation in decision-making processes (Ibrahim & Igbuzor, 2002). Additionally, political actors often manipulate the democratic process to serve narrow interests, leading to exclusion and marginalization of certain groups, which in turn contributes to violence, insecurity, and public unrest (Adejumobi, 2004).
Furthermore, the absence of effective governance structures is also evident in the inability of institutions to check abuses of power or provide basic services efficiently. Public confidence is eroded when elected leaders prioritize personal gain over national interest, and this dysfunction undermines the rule of law and weakens democratic resilience. As a result, governance is seen not as a tool for development and inclusion, but as a mechanism for elite domination, which continues to threaten national unity and stability (Agbaje et al., 2006). It is against the backdrop that this study seeks to explore how elements of good governance contribute to or hinder political stability in Nigeria.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of this study is to examine the role of good governance in promoting and sustaining effective political stability in Nigeria.
The specific objectives of the study are:
- To assess the extent to which good governance is practiced in Nigeria's political and administrative systems.
- To identify the key principles of good governance and how they relate to political stability in Nigeria.
- To examine the impact of poor governance on political unrest and instability in Nigeria.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of governmental institutions and policies in promoting transparency, accountability, and the rule of law.
- To propose recommendations for strengthening good governance as a pathway to achieving long-term political stability in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
Based on the stated objectives, the study seeks to answer the following research questions:
- What are the key principles of good governance, and how do they contribute to political stability in Nigeria?
- To what extent is good governance practiced within Nigeria's political and administrative systems?
- How does poor governance affect political unrest and instability in Nigeria?
- What is the effectiveness of Nigerian governmental institutions and policies in promoting transparency, accountability, and the rule of law?
- What measures can be taken to strengthen good governance in Nigeria and enhance political stability?
1.5 Significance of Study
The outcome of this research study will be a valuable resource in their advocacy for better governance practices. For government officials, the study will highlight the importance of accountability, transparency, and adherence to the rule of law in enhancing the public's trust in the government.
Additionally, this study will provide academic contributions to the fields of political science and governance by enriching existing literature on governance and its implications for national stability. It will also serve as a guide for future research on the role of good governance in other developing nations with similar political challenges.
Lastly, the study will propose practical recommendations for improving governance structures in Nigeria, which will lead to enhanced public trust, reduced political instability, and more effective governance for the benefit of all Nigerians.
1.6 Scope of Study
This study will focus on the role of good governance in promoting political stability within Nigeria, with particular attention to Lagos State as a case study.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
- Initial Cooperation Delay from Respondents: A particular limitation of this work came as a result of the respondent refusal to offer their cooperation at the initial time they were contacted.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Good Governance:
Good governance refers to the effective and efficient management of public resources and affairs through transparent, accountable, and participatory processes. It is characterized by the rule of law, respect for human rights, and the involvement of citizens in decision-making (UNDP, 2017). In the context of Nigeria, good governance focuses on the practices that promote democracy, integrity, and fairness in political, economic, and social spheres.
Political Stability:
Political stability refers to the condition where a country's political system remains in equilibrium, characterized by a lack of political violence, frequent peaceful transitions of power, and the existence of a predictable political environment (Alemu, 2019). In Nigeria, political stability is crucial for fostering social cohesion, attracting investments, and ensuring the protection of democratic rights.
Democracy:
Democracy is a system of government where power is vested in the hands of the people, typically through elected representatives. It is characterized by the protection of civil liberties, free and fair elections, and active citizen participation (Diamond, 1999). In Nigeria, democracy has faced various challenges but remains a key foundation for ensuring political stability and governance.
Transparency:
Transparency refers to the openness and accessibility of government actions and decisions, allowing citizens to be informed and involved in the governance process (World Bank, 2018). It involves making public resources, policies, and actions available for scrutiny, thus enhancing trust in governmental institutions.
Accountability:
Accountability is the principle that government officials are answerable for their actions, decisions, and the use of public resources. In a system of good governance, public officials are held responsible for their actions through various mechanisms, such as audits, oversight bodies, and democratic processes (Kaufmann & Kraay, 2002).
Rule of Law:
The rule of law signifies the principle that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to the law. It ensures that laws are enforced impartially and that no one is above the law (Merryman, 2007). In Nigeria, the rule of law remains a cornerstone for political stability, providing a legal framework for resolving disputes and preventing authoritarianism.
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