1.1 Introduction
Robotics is defined as the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, which are programmable machines capable of performing tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously (Siciliano & Khatib, 2016). In the context of construction, robotics involves the use of automated systems and machinery to carry out activities such as bricklaying, welding, material handling, surveying, and even structural assembly. The adoption of robotics in construction is transforming traditional building methods, aiming to improve efficiency, precision, and safety on construction sites (Bock & Linner, 2015).
The construction industry has traditionally relied on manual labor, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to errors. Modern construction techniques incorporating robotics address these challenges by providing consistent quality and faster execution of repetitive tasks (Li et al., 2020).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the aim and objectives of the study. Others are significance of the study, scope of work, research hypothesis and questions, limitation of the study and definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The integration of robotics into construction is rooted in the broader development of automation and industrial robotics. According to Bock and Linner (2015), robotics in construction began as an extension of industrial automation, with early experiments in the 1980s focusing on mechanized bricklaying and material handling. These early systems were largely experimental and faced limitations due to high costs, technological constraints, and the unstructured nature of construction sites.
Khoshnevis (2014) reported that in the 1990s, the development of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies laid the foundation for more sophisticated robotic applications in construction (Khoshnevis, 2014). Researchers asserted that these technologies enabled robots to follow precise instructions and execute tasks such as automated welding, concrete pouring, and prefabrication with greater accuracy. During this period, robotics was primarily used in controlled environments such as factories for the production of construction components rather than on actual construction sites.
Li et al. (2020) stated that the early 2000s marked a shift toward field-deployable robotics, driven by advancements in sensors, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Robots began to operate semi-autonomously on construction sites, performing tasks like inspection, surveying, and repetitive manual labor (Li et al., 2020). This period also saw the emergence of robotic arms for bricklaying, 3D printing for building structures, and autonomous drones for site monitoring and data collection.
The construction industry has historically been labor-intensive, relying heavily on human effort to complete projects, which often results in delays, inconsistencies, and safety risks. According to Bock and Linner (2015), the increasing complexity of construction projects and the demand for faster, more efficient building processes have driven the need for automation and robotics in construction. They reported that the integration of robotic systems can significantly enhance productivity and precision while reducing human error (Bock and Linner, 2015). It is further asserted that robotic technologies are capable of performing repetitive, hazardous, or physically demanding tasks that would otherwise expose human workers to risks, such as heavy lifting, high-altitude work, and handling of dangerous materials (Khoshnevis, 2014).
Moselhi & Al-Hussein (2018) stated that the use of robotics in construction not only improves safety but also contributes to better resource management, as robots can optimize material usage, minimize waste, and ensure consistent quality throughout construction processes (Moselhi & Al-Hussein, 2018). Experts also affirmed that advancements in robotics, including autonomous machinery, drones, and 3D printing technologies, are transforming modern construction techniques by allowing for faster project completion and innovative design possibilities (Li et al., 2020).
Researchers contend that the adoption of robotic systems is not uniform across the globe, as the initial investment cost, technical complexity, and lack of trained personnel limit the full utilization of these technologies, particularly in developing countries (Bock & Linner, 2015). Moreover, robotics is reported to facilitate sustainability in construction by promoting efficient energy consumption, reducing construction waste, and supporting environmentally friendly building practices (Moselhi & Al-Hussein, 2018). However, despite these advantages, challenges such as technological integration into dynamic work environments, maintenance requirements, and workforce adaptation remain significant barriers to widespread adoption (Li et al., 2020). This study is set against the backdrop of the transformative potential of robotics in modern construction techniques, exploring the opportunities, challenges, and strategies for effective integration into construction projects.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the construction workers are traditionally trained in manual construction methods, and the shift to robotic technology requires specialized skills in programming, maintenance, and troubleshooting (Moselhi & Al-Hussein, 2018). This skill gap is a critical bottleneck, resulting in underutilization of robotic systems and inefficiencies in construction projects.
There is also a concern regarding the adaptability of robotics in dynamic construction environments. Construction sites are often unstructured, with changing conditions, and robotic systems are generally designed for controlled settings. The inability of some robotic technologies to adapt to unpredictable scenarios reduces their effectiveness and limits the types of projects where they can be applied (Li et al., 2020).
Furthermore, safety implications of robotics in construction remain a challenge. While robotics is designed to reduce human exposure to hazardous tasks, system malfunctions or improper usage can introduce new risks to workers on site. There is also limited regulatory guidance on integrating robotics safely in construction, which increases operational uncertainty (Khoshnevis, 2014). It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to investigate the role of robotics in modern construction techniques, examining the challenges, opportunities, and strategies for effective integration into the construction industry.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of this study is to assess the role of robotics in enhancing efficiency and performance in modern construction techniques.
The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
- To examine the effectiveness of robotics in improving productivity and precision in construction.
- To identify the safety benefits associated with the use of robotics on construction sites.
- To investigate the challenges hindering the adoption of robotics in construction.
- To assess how robotics supports sustainability and waste reduction in construction processes.
- To suggest strategies for improving robotic integration in the construction industry.
1.5 Research Questions
Based on the stated objectives, the following research questions guide this study on the effects of poor sanitation on public health and the environment:
- How effective is robotics in improving productivity and precision in construction projects?
- What safety benefits does the use of robotics provide on construction sites?
- What challenges hinder the adoption of robotics in the construction industry?
- In what ways does robotics support sustainability and reduce construction waste?
- What strategies can improve the integration of robotics into modern construction processes?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: Robotics does not significantly influence productivity, safety, or performance in modern construction techniques.
- H1: Robotics significantly influence productivity, safety, or performance in modern construction techniques.
Hypothesis Two
- H0: Challenges such as cost, skills shortages, and technical barriers do not significantly affect the adoption of robotics in construction.
- H1: Challenges such as cost, skills shortages, and technical barriers significantly affect the adoption of robotics in construction.
1.7 Significance of Study
The outcome of this research will improve safety on construction sites by reducing human exposure to hazardous tasks such as heavy lifting, working at heights, and handling dangerous materials. Also, the research will show how robotics will contribute to sustainability in construction. Automated systems will allow for better resource management, reduced waste, and optimized material usage, which will support environmentally responsible building practices.
Furthermore, the findings will be useful to policymakers as they will help shape regulations that will support technological innovation. In addition, the research will contribute to academic knowledge by providing a foundation for further research on automation in construction.
Lastly, the findings will inform stakeholders on how robotics will promote sustainability, reduce waste, and support long-term development in the construction sector.
1.8 Scope of Study
This study focuses on the role of robotics within modern construction techniques, using Lagos State, Nigeria, as the geographical scope. The study examines construction firms operating within the state, particularly medium- and large-scale companies that are either adopting or exploring robotics in their operations. The study covers robotic applications in productivity, safety, sustainability, and project efficiency.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
- Initial Cooperation Delay from Respondents: A particular limitation of this work came as a result of the respondent refusal to offer their cooperation at the initial time they were contacted. This contributed in making the success of this research study difficult.
1.10 Definition of Terms
Robotics:
Robotics refers to the field of technology focused on designing, building, and operating programmable machines that perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously. According to Siciliano and Khatib (2016), robotics involves mechanical systems, sensors, and control algorithms that allow machines to act with precision and efficiency.
Construction Automation:
Construction automation is the application of automated tools and machinery to perform building tasks with minimal human intervention. Bock and Linner (2015) stated that construction automation aims to improve productivity, reduce errors, and enhance safety in construction projects.
Autonomous Robot:
An autonomous robot is a machine capable of performing tasks without continuous human control. Li et al. (2020) affirmed that these robots rely on advanced sensors, artificial intelligence, and navigation systems to adapt to changing construction environments.
3D Construction Printing:
3D construction printing refers to a process where building components or structures are created layer-by-layer using automated printing machines. Khoshnevis (2014) asserted that this method improves precision, reduces material waste, and accelerates construction timelines.
Sustainability in Construction:
Sustainability in construction involves building practices that minimize environmental impact through efficient resource usage and reduced waste. Moselhi and Al-Hussein (2018) contended that robotics supports sustainability by optimizing material application and reducing human-induced errors.
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