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A Survey for Rubella Virus and Antibodies Among Pregnant Women

A Survey for Rubella Virus and Antibodies Among Pregnant Women

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “A Survey for Rubella Virus and Antibodies Among Pregnant Women” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Microbiology for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on A Survey for Rubella Virus and Antibodies Among Pregnant Women provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

    CHAPTER TWO

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 2.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER THREE

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • 3.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER FOUR

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Results
    • ⋮
    • 4.3 Discussion of Findings

    CHAPTER FIVE

    SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Summary
    • 5.3 Conclusion
    • 5.4 Recommendation

    REFERENCES


    ABSTRACT

    Rubella Virus (RV) causes a mild disease, but maternal infection early in pregnancy often leads to birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Rubella remains poorly controlled in Africa despite being a vaccine preventable disease. The aim of this study were to determine the survey for rubella virus and antibodies among pregnant women in Kaduna State Nigeria. The study wascarried out on pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic in three different senatorial district in Kaduna State from the year 2013-2014. Bloodserum samples from 900 pregnant women were screened for rubella IgM and IgG antibody using enzyme linked immunosor bent assay (ELISA).The risk factors associated with rubella virus transmission among these pregnant women were identified. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), and gene sequencing were used to confirm the presence of rubella virus in the serum sample.Of the 900 pregnant women screened, 572(63.1%) were positive for rubella IgG and 39(4.3%) were positive for rubella IgM.

    The prevalence of rubella IgG was highest among the age group 41-45 years old (83.3%) and IgM was highest among the age group 21-25 years old (6.1%).The IgG test results shows that out of the 497 pregnant women enrolled in their first trimester,273 (54.9%) pregnant women tested positive,while the IgM positive results shows 24(4.8%) in their first trimester. Although the southern senatorial district had the highest sero-prevalence 14(35.9%) among the three centres, the differences were not statistically significant (p=0.05). Only three people claimed to have been vaccinated against rubella virus and these people were negative for rubella. Acquisition of secondary education and being a house wife were insignificantly associated (p=0.05).The serological evidence of rubella virus found in pregnant women in this study is an indication that rubella is prevalent in Kaduna State, Nigeria. It is however still necessary to immunize seronegative women against rubella before they get pregnant


    A Survey for Rubella Virus and Antibodies Among Pregnant Women

    CHAPTER ONE

    1.0 Background of the Study

    1.1 Rubella Virus

    Rubella virus (RV) causes a benign systemic rash illness when it infects humans as a result of acute infection and causes severe birth defects if acute maternal infection occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy(Willey et al., 2011). This virus is a positive-strand RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm of the infected cell. Rubella virus is taxonomically unique, being the sole member of the genus Rubivirus of the familyTogaviridae (Brooks et al., 2007). The rubella virus causes “German measles,” also known as “three-day measles”(Bukbuk et al., 2002), this is usually a milder disease than red measles. Infections occur most commonly in children and the resulting natural immunity is most probably lifelong (Matthews et al., 2011). However, in pregnant women the risk of intrauterine transmission is up to 90% if infection occurs in early pregnancy (8-10 weeks gestation). As the viraemia leads to placental infection and spread of the virus, it causes a chronic infection of the foetus leading to the development of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) (Matthews et al., 2011).Red/Hard measles or just measles is caused by Rubeola virus.

    …

    CHAPTER TWO

    2.0 Literature Review

    2.1 Introduction

    This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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