1.1 Introduction
Umbilical cord infection also known as omphalitis, refers to an infection of the umbilical stump of a newborn. It is characterized by inflammation and may lead to severe complications if not properly managed. Omphalitis is commonly caused by bacterial contamination and poor hygiene practices (Sharma et al., 2021). Omphalitis is characterized by inflammation and infection of the umbilical stump, often resulting from bacterial contamination during delivery or improper postnatal care. According to research, umbilical cord infections contribute to neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in areas where access to healthcare and education about neonatal care is limited (WHO, 2020). Women of childbearing age, particularly between 18-25 years, are often first-time mothers with limited knowledge and experience in newborn care, making them a vulnerable group. Ensuring proper education and awareness regarding umbilical cord care is critical in reducing infection rates and improving neonatal outcomes. Studies have shown that when mothers are adequately informed about cleaning and caring for the umbilical cord, the incidence of infections significantly decreases (Gathwala & Singh, 2022).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Umbilical cord infection is a preventable condition that poses a serious health threat to newborns, particularly in developing countries where sanitation and healthcare practices are often inadequate. The umbilical cord stump serves as a potential entry point for pathogens, and poor hygiene during delivery or inadequate postnatal care can lead to infections that may escalate into life-threatening conditions such as sepsis or neonatal tetanus (Sharma et al., 2021). These infections are a significant contributor to neonatal mortality, especially in regions with limited access to healthcare facilities and maternal education programs (World Health Organization, 2019).
Historically, umbilical cord care and infection prevention have been significant concerns for newborn health across various cultures and regions. The practice of umbilical cord care has evolved from traditional methods to more scientifically backed interventions aimed at reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality. In many early societies, the umbilical cord was treated with local herbs or substances such as ash or oil, practices that persisted in many cultures for centuries (Alvarez & Gomez, 2018). While some of these methods were benign, others inadvertently increased the risk of infection, leading to neonatal sepsis and other complications.
The shift towards evidence-based cord care began in the mid-20th century with the introduction of antiseptic treatments. in the 1960s and 1970s, studies demonstrated the benefits of applying antiseptics, such as iodine or alcohol, to reduce bacterial colonization on the umbilical stump (Singh et al., 2021). However, widespread awareness and education about proper umbilical cord care remained limited, particularly in rural and low-resource settings.
A major turning point occurred with the introduction of chlorhexidine as a standard antiseptic for umbilical cord care, which has been shown to reduce neonatal mortality by as much as 23% in high-risk areas (Sazawal et al., 2006). Public health campaigns and interventions by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other global health organizations aimed to increase awareness and standardize the use of antiseptics for cord care, particularly in developing countries where traditional practices were still common (WHO, 2013). Despite these advancements, a gap in awareness persists, particularly among young mothers aged 18-25. Research indicates that younger mothers are less likely to be familiar with modern cord care practices, relying instead on advice from older family members or community traditions (Adeyemi et al., 2020). This lack of awareness is compounded by limited access to healthcare information, especially in rural areas. Consequently, there has been a growing emphasis on maternal education as a critical component of preventing umbilical cord infections and improving neonatal health outcomes (Khan et al., 2019).
Mothers, particularly those in the 18-25 age group, often face challenges in understanding the importance of proper cord care. According to Ogunjimi et al. (2020), younger mothers, especially first-time mothers, tend to have less experience in newborn care and are more likely to adopt traditional, and sometimes harmful, practices. Inadequate knowledge about the use of antiseptics, such as chlorhexidine, which has been shown to reduce umbilical infections, is a major barrier to preventing omphalitis (Afsar et al., 2022). Studies highlight that mothers with higher levels of awareness and access to health information are better equipped to practice preventive care, thereby reducing the risk of umbilical cord infections in their infants (Bako et al., 2021). Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the level of awareness and umbilical cord infection prevention among women of childbearing age between 18-25 years of age.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that umbilical cord infection remains a critical health issue in newborn care, particularly in regions where maternal education and healthcare services are limited. Among women of childbearing age, specifically between 18-25 years, there is a significant gap in awareness and understanding of proper umbilical cord care. This lack of knowledge is contributing to higher rates of neonatal infections and mortality. Studies indicate that younger mothers, especially first-time mothers, are more likely to rely on traditional practices or informal advice, which is ineffective in preventing infections (Ogunjimi et al., 2020).
The improper handling of the umbilical cord, including delayed or inappropriate cleaning, is leading to increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, such as omphalitis, which is preventable with proper care. Inadequate access to healthcare information, especially in rural areas, is further exacerbating this issue. Research has shown that the use of simple antiseptic solutions like chlorhexidine is highly effective in preventing infections, yet many women in this age group remain unaware of such preventive measures (Afsar et al., 2022). Therefore, the persistent low level of awareness and improper cord care practices among women aged 18-25 is a major public health concern that requires urgent attention.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to assess the level of awareness and preventive practices concerning umbilical cord infection among women of childbearing age between 18-25 years. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To examine the influence of maternal education, healthcare access, and cultural practices on umbilical cord care among these women.
- To evaluate the current level of awareness among women aged 18-25 about the causes and risks of umbilical cord infection.
- To assess the effectiveness of educational interventions and healthcare guidance in improving cord care practices.
- To identify the preventive practices adopted by women in this age group for umbilical cord care.
- To propose strategies for increasing awareness and promoting safe umbilical cord care practices among young mothers.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What is the level of awareness among women of childbearing age (18-25 years) regarding umbilical cord infections?
- What preventive practices are being adopted by women in this age group to prevent umbilical cord infections?
- How do maternal education, healthcare access, and cultural practices influence umbilical cord care among women aged 18-25?
- What are the challenges faced by women in this age group in accessing proper information on umbilical cord care?
- How effective are educational interventions and healthcare guidance in promoting safe umbilical cord care practices among young mothers?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
- H0: There is no significant relationship between the level of awareness of umbilical cord infection and the preventive practices adopted by women of childbearing age between 18-25 years.
- H1: There is a significant relationship between the level of awareness of umbilical cord infection and the preventive practices adopted by women of childbearing age between 18-25 years.
1.7 Significance of Study
The outcome realized from the research findings will be significant to the following stakeholders:
- For healthcare providers, this study will offer crucial insights into the specific educational needs of young mothers regarding umbilical cord care. It will enable them to tailor their counseling and support services to address the gaps identified, thereby improving the quality of care they provide.
- For policymakers, the research will highlight the need for targeted health education initiatives and resource allocation. It will inform the development of policies and programs aimed at increasing awareness and ensuring that effective preventive measures are accessible to all women in this age group.
- For community health workers, the findings will provide a better understanding of the barriers and facilitators to effective umbilical cord care practices among young mothers. This will allow them to design more impactful community outreach and education programs.
- For maternal and child health organizations, this study will serve as a valuable resource for developing evidence-based interventions and advocacy strategies. It will support efforts to enhance public health initiatives and improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes on a broader scale.
- For young mothers themselves, the research will contribute to improved knowledge and practices related to umbilical cord care. It will empower them with the information and skills needed to prevent infections and ensure the health and well-being of their newborns.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the awareness and prevention of umbilical cord infection among women of childbearing age between 18-25 years of age using University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) as a case study.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Insufficient Data: Limited access to complete and reliable information from respondents restricted the ability to draw robust conclusions about the level of awareness and practices related to umbilical cord care.
- Delays from Respondents in Providing Timely Feedback: The slow response rate contributed to extended data collection periods and potential gaps in the research findings.
- Financial Constraint: Limited funding restricted the ability to expand the research sample size or implement additional interventions, affecting the generalizability of the results.
- Time Constraint: Limited time frame restricted the depth of analysis and the ability to explore additional variables that could have provided more comprehensive insights into umbilical cord care practices among young mothers.
1.10 Definition of Terms
Umbilical Cord Infection:
It is also known as omphalitis, this refers to an infection of the umbilical stump of a newborn. It is characterized by inflammation and may lead to severe complications if not properly managed. Omphalitis is commonly caused by bacterial contamination and poor hygiene practices (Sharma et al., 2021).
Awareness:
In this context, awareness refers to the knowledge and understanding that women of childbearing age (18-25 years) have regarding umbilical cord care and the risks associated with infections. It encompasses their familiarity with recommended practices and preventive measures (Ogunjimi et al., 2020).
Preventive Practices:
These are specific actions and behaviors adopted to avoid the occurrence of umbilical cord infections. This includes proper cleaning, use of antiseptics, and adherence to hygiene guidelines during the care of the umbilical cord stump (Afsar et al., 2022).
Maternal Education:
This term refers to the information and training provided to expectant and new mothers regarding newborn care, including umbilical cord management. Maternal education aims to improve knowledge and practices to enhance neonatal health outcomes (Khan et al., 2019).
Cultural Practices:
These are traditional beliefs and practices related to newborn care that may influence how umbilical cord care is managed. Cultural practices can vary widely and may impact the adoption of modern preventive measures (Bako et al., 2021).
