1.1 Introduction
Biological waste water treatment system consist of series of reaction vessels which are designed with the optimum mixing energy, retention time, and nutrient addition to provide an optimum environment for biological avidity resulting in removal of nitrates heavy metals, ammonia, and biochemically oxidizable organic mixture as the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). More so, Thomas E, Schultz (us filter) explain that the use of bacteria and other microorganism to remove contaminants by assimilating them has long been a mainstay of waste in the chemical process industries (CPI) because they are effective and widely used. When considering biological waste water treatment for a particular application. Some water are used in household, factories etc which are considered as waste water. Biologically these waste water can be treated and be used again. Biological waste water treatment is the common method used to treat water before it is discharge to the communities.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, and industrial and or agricultural wastes, and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations (Nielsen et al., 2004). Waste water that contains urine, faeces, kitchen and laundry waste is referred to as sewage. At the beginning of the 20th Century, septic tank was introduced as a means of treating domestic sewage from individual households both in suburban and rural areas. Then a few cities and industries recognised that the discharge of sewage directly into streams caused health problems and this led to the development of sewage treatment facilities referred to as waste water treatment plants (Ikupolati, 2005). Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) are complex systems which include a large number of biological, physicochemical, and biochemical processes (Sotomayor et al., 2001).
The activated sludge process is the most widely applied biological treatment of liquid waste, treating both municipal sewage and a variety of industrial waste waters (Aguilar-López et al., 2013; Slater, 2006). The microbiological quality of effluent consumable water is a concern to consumers (Wupa dwellers), water suppliers (Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant), and regulatory and public health authorities alike. Most recent gastrointestinal outbreaks that have been reported throughout the world demonstrated that transmission of pathogens by effluent consumable water remains a significant cause of illness (Hunter and Syed, 2001).
Therefore, in Edo State where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Biological Waste Water Treatment in Nigeria.
1.3 Statement of Problems
The problem of wastes and its effect on the quality of underground water is now the focus of attention all over the world. The problem of waste generation in the country in the recent past had been quite tremendous, necessitating the need for this project. In fact, the presence of wastes scattered all over cities and towns and even in our institutions of higher learning is a threat to health and embarrassment to the pleasant standard expected of these areas.
It is therefore believed that in consumption of underground water such as bore hole and well water, certain tests are needed to be carried out before consumption in regulation with the principles of World Health Organization. These tests are:
- PH Test
- Total caliform test
- Test for nitrate [No3-N]
- Aerobic and sulphate reducing bacteria.
These tests are the most important tests carried out to know the physical, chemical and biological effects of Solid Wastes on underground water before it could be suitable for consumption. In additional, wastes are such items which people are required to discard. It can be defined as unavoidable material resulting from an activity which has no immediate economic demand and must be disposed off Items such as household rubbish, sewage sludge; waste from manufacturing can give to a large variety of different wastes from different sources.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to carry out research on how biological waste water will be treated in order to meet standard for reused by final consumer and with a view of acquiring and developing better understand of biological waste water treatment. In achieving this aim, the specific objectives were set out as follows;
- To find out how biological waste water can be treated for reused;
- To enumerate different methods that are appropriate in treating of water;
- To save large amount of water;
- To use appropriate equipment to get clean water for consumers; and
- To determined the appropriate practical and method that can be used in treatment of biological waste water.
1.5 Purpose of Study
Generally, this study aims at all waste water found in Nigeria and prefering remedies by which it can be treated biologically. Actually this will deliver home what is really meant by waste water treatment.
The study is also embark water that contains a few microbes which may be injurious chemicals are absent. It also expanciate how waste water is being generated i.e water from household, factories e t c which are considered as waste water and proffering a method in which can be treated. The aim of this study is to treat waste water which is biological waste water treatment
1.6 Significance of Study
These type of study is significantly important because this serve main method to analysis biological waste water treatment or important of biological waste treatment. This study, when completed, will serve as reference material for subsequent researcher in the field or related topics and it will also be beneficial to Geologist.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the Biological Waste Water Treatment in Benin metropolis is made up of three Local Government Areas of Oredo, Egor and Ikpoba Okhae and it is the capital of Edo state.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
There are some certain tests which should be performed, these are, Aerobic Test, Pathogen Screen Test, etc. But due to the time factor, money and some facilities which are needed but are not present at hand, these tests could not be carried by the researcher. During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.9 Definition of Terms
Hazardous Wastes: These are wastes that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or environments
Percolation: Percolation can be defined as the slow passage of a liquid through a filtrating medium. It is also known as the process of water seepage through the soil.
Infiltration: The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil
Leachate: It is any liquid that in passing through matter, extracts, solutes, suspended solids or other components, of the material through which it has passed.
Aquifers: These are underground layers of porous rocks or sand that allows the movement of water between layers of non-porous rocks (sand stone, gravel or fractured lime stone or granite).
Waste Prevention: It is the method of eliminating waste at source and reducing the demand on natural or origin resources.
Waste Re-Use: It is the method of using a waste product from one process as a raw material to form another.
Waste Recycles: This is the method of breaking down the waste items into raw material.
1.10 Plan of Study
This study comprises of five chapters chapter one shows the general background to the study and full introduction while chapter two deals with literature review, chapter there contain research methodology which is use to present and analyse the method and equipment that are used for the practical, chapter four shows the details of the practical of the result gotten from the practical done in chapter three and the final chapter (five) consist of the summary, conclusion, recommendation and references of the study.
