Characterization of Maiganga and Okaba Coal Blend for Solid Fuel Combustion

Characterization of Maiganga and Okaba Coal Blend for Solid Fuel Combustion

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-1512-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “Characterization of Maiganga and Okaba Coal Blend for Solid Fuel Combustion” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Science and Engineering, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Characterization of Maiganga and Okaba Coal Blend for Solid Fuel Combustion” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.


Characterization of Maiganga and Okaba Coal Blend for Solid Fuel Combustion

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background Of Study

Power generation in any country is very essential to its economic growth, Nigeria generates about 4,000 megawatts(MW) of electricity (Ediri, 2014), but this is deficient as the country still faces the challenge of epileptic power supply, it is expected that power generation reaches 40,000 megawatts (MW) in the year 2020 (Ediri, 2014), to achieve this feat the government has planned the construction of various power generating stations of which coal would be a vital raw material used in some of these plants, although generation of energy from coal is accompanied by the emission of greenhouse gases, the development of clean coal technologies have helped to reduce this emissions.

Coal which is a product of long periods of accumulation and subsequent physical and chemical alteration of plant material is an organic rock (as opposed to most other rocks in the earth’s crust, such as clays and sandstone, which are inorganic; it contains mostly carbon (C), but it also has hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N), as well as some inorganic constituents (minerals) and water (H2O) (Radovic, 2009).

Different types of coals are classified based on their composition of these constituent elements, based on this coal is classified as lignite, subbituminous, bituminous and anthracite. The combustion of coal under specified conditions leaves behind a residue known as ASH which is composed mainly of oxides and sulphate depending on the source of the coal sample. (Folahan , 2012).

The combustion of coal produces sulphur and some other gases and a solid residue known as coal ash or fly ash. Fly ash is either deposited as dry or hydraulic ash, the sulphur content of coal varies considerably with the nature and origin of the fossil deposits (Folahan , 2012) the utilization of coals for both energy production and various coal conversion processes is limited by the presence of sulphur in the coal, sourcing for the right type of coal and inconsistency in composition. Many of these plants will not be able to source for coal that meet up to their specification and will have to combine samples available to them to obtain the required quality of coal. The high sulphur dioxide emissions caused by the utilization of coals as a major fossil fuel leads to worldwide environmental problems.

When coal is burnt its sulphur content combines with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide (SO2), which contributes to both pollution and acid rain. Acid rain resulting from SO2 has a harmful effect on agriculture and destroys the ecological balance. Also naturally occurring elements in the environment become part of the coal structure through the coalification process. The use of large quantity of coal results in significant emissions of these trace elements, although these trace elements are present in small amounts in the coal. Another serious problem of sulphur in coalis the formation of clinker in furnaces. The causes of clinker formation are low quality coal having low gross calorific value, more ash content, high mineral content, low fusion temperature of ash below 1500 C, and over-firing of the molten slag.

The presence of sulphur in coal also reduces the quality of metallurgical coal (Folahan , 2012). Blending of coals results in a combination of characteristics from each of the individual coals in the blend. Some coal characteristics, such as ash, sulphur and moisture content, are additive and can be calculated from the proportions of the different coals in the blend, it is therefore necessary to know the characteristics of the individual samples and that of the final blend before it is used in any power plant, this will enable a plant to understand the advantage and problems related to each blend of coal. The work done involves the chemical andthermo-gravimetric analysis of maiganga and okaba coal blend.


1.2 Statement Of Problem

Investigation revealed that the heat content in a fluidized bed or furnace of a power plant may be reduced greatly due to the presence of slags or foul formed as a result of the deposition of some constituent compounds in coal such as sulphur, alkalis and some trace metals, it is therefore important to find solutions to the usage of low quality coal by blending them with another sample that complement for the lacking quality.


1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this research is to blend and characterizes coal obtained from two coal mines in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

  1. Performing TGA on individual samples.
  2. Blending of the samples.
  3. Performing TGA on the final blend.
  4. Proximate and ultimate analysis of the coal blend.
  5. FT-IR analysis of the samples.
  6. SEM analysis of the sample.

1.4 Significance / Justification Of Study

The following are the significance of this research:

  1. Coal is one of the leading natural sources available for power generation and will remain relevant even in the near future.
  2. Although CO2is produced as the major combustion product of coal, development and demonstration of new clean coal technologies has formed areas of research over the years, research has also being ongoing on coal ash reduction, desulphurization and coal briquette technology.
  3. Nigeria has a large deposit of coal which is underutilized for power generation.
  4. Nigeria needs alternative sources of power generation apart from hydroelectric power generation which depends on seasons.

1.5 Scope Of Study

The scope of this research is focused on the Characterization of Maiganga and Okaba Coal Blend for Solid Fuel Combustion.


1.6 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

  1. Time Constraint:

    The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.

  2. Financial Constraint:

    Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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