1.0 Introduction
The present and likely to continue state of the world economy as a whole and that of Nigeria as yet a developing country in particular has made life uncomfortable and unsatisfactory for the masses.
Every day, we hear of wars, conflicts, monumental natural disasters, fatal accidents, tribal, racial and religious clashes, to mention just a few.
All these phenomena always lead to wanton destruction of life and properties worth millions of naira.
As a result of these ugly situations today in our country in particular coupled with unemployment, which has led to decline in the standard of living, crime wave has escalated. Because the youths and the young school leavers could not secure any job, which could have kept them busy.
and since the idle mind is the devils workshop, they indulge in all sorts of heinous and scandalous crimes in other to make ends meet. Assassination, high-way robbery, house become burglary, arson, car snatching, etc have become the order of the day. Criminals purposefully set public markets ablaze In order to cart away peoples hard earned merchandise from the markets. Hence the incessant burning of our markets of recent.
Because of these prevailing conditions and bad condition of our economy, there is the need to safe-guard the already acquired property especially from thieves and fire disasters as the cost of replacing them is beyond the reach of average Nigerian. There is also the need to protect life or building occupant(s) form harm by burglars or fire incidence.
Burglary can be traced back to the beginning of age and it was crudely carried out then. But today, it has advanced and become very sophisticated along side with modern technology. Hence, the crude ways used in the time past to the curtail robbery or burglary can no longer contain the present advanced techniques. Therefore, there is the need to device advance technological gadgets to march or subdue the present trend of sophistication demonstrated by burglars.
However, in the past, kitchens were built separately from the residential houses(s). These kitchens houses firewood's, cooking utensils etc, while there is no electrical wiring and consequent electrical appliances in the residential buildings. But with development, we now have the kitchen inside the living apartments or flats where kerosene stoves, electrical cookers, boilers or heaters and cooking gas (highly inflammable) are used. there are also electrical wiring and consequent electrical appliances in our rooms. all these are potential causes of fire incidence, which could arise from the leaking of the cooking gas, electrical faults etc. Therefore, early detection of fire and burglar actions and a alarm warning are essential to prevent loss of life and property or harm to building occupant(s) so that the time needed to detect fire ignition, burglar operation and warn building occupant(s) is reduced.
Hence a corresponding vital margin of safety for evacuation of property and alerting of the police and fire men is possible.
This function of burglar and fire detection and giving of alarm warning can be achieved from electronic alarm systems.
1.1 Objective of the Project
Alarms are frequently used for detecting the presence of an intruder. These include signaling the presence of unwanted moisture or liquids, presence or absence of light, the removal of a small object, the unwanted opening of a door, power outage, and presence of an unwanted signal in an electronic gadgets etc.
Most electronics alarms are either activated when a circuit is opened or short circuited.
However, the aim or objective of the project is to build a multi-purpose alarm system with situation indicators from inexpensive and local electronics components that will detect burglar operations, shadow and fire incidence and give the consequent warning signal or indication in order to alert house occupants for appropriate safety actions.
1.2 Project Layout
The project report or thesis has been arranged and organized in such a away that as followed all the steps and procedures taken to ensure the success of this project.
- Chapter one deals with the introduction of the project, where the objective of the project. The background information and what the project is all about were clearly stated.
- Chapter two deals with the literature review in which the origin, concept, nature and review of the method used in designing the project were discussed.
- Chapter three, however deals with the detection and the switching of the project it actually concerned about the sensor units – fire, shadow and the burglary sensors,
- Chapter four contains the design analysis, component value calculations and general description of all the components and IC units used in this design are treated in details. Complete circuit realization from block diagram is discussed and treated here.
- Chapter five, however deals with the methodology of the design and construction of the project. It was here that all the steps involved in realization, analysis, design, selecting component values, choosing a suitable circuit and obtaining project topic and specification are succinctly stated.
- Chapter six has to do with construction proper of the designed circuits making use of the various electronic workshop tools and equally the testing analysis, packaging and assembling.
- Chapter seven dealt with conclusion, recommendation and references.
1.3 Background Information
The project is dominated by ICs. These include 555 timer, encoders, decoders, comparators, bitable multivibrators or flip flops IC units or chips. Hence the project can be termed a digital system.
Digital logic can be divided into combinational and sequential. Combination circuits are those in which the output state depends only on the present input states in some predetermined manner. Combinational circuits can be constructed with logic gates alone. But in sequential logic circuits, the output state depends both on the input states and on the previous history i.e. The knowledge of the past inputs or what actually took place on the previous or preceding states. Sequential circuits can be constructed from logic gates and some form of memory device, the flip flops. Sequential logic circuits may be either synchronous or asynchronous. The synchronous sequential circuits are built to operate at a clocked rate whereas asynchronous ones are without clocking.
From these facts, it can be deduced that the system (project) is a sequential logic system sense it is constructed from logic gates and a memory device, the flip flop. The units in this system are however clocked together so that they operate in synchronism with a pulse train of a certain period, regarded as the system clock. Hence the present output state of the alarm system depends both on the present input state and on the past input states. This is made possible by the memory device, flip flop.
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