Determination of Heavy Metal in Effluents From Some Selected Pharmaceutical Companies

Determination of Heavy Metal in Effluents From Some Selected Pharmaceutical Companies

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-3267-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “Determination of Heavy Metal in Effluents From Some Selected Pharmaceutical Companies” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Chemical Engineering, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Determination of Heavy Metal in Effluents From Some Selected Pharmaceutical Companies” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.

ABSTRACT

The concentration of some heavy metals in the effluents of five (5) companies operating in Enugu State, Nigeria were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The heavy metals detected in this study include Arsenic (AS), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Mercury (Hg), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn). Most of the samples were found to contain the metals in various concentrations. Most of concentration were above the W.H.O maximum recommended contaminant concentration level.

The highest average concentration of heavy metal was detected in Lead with a concentration of 2.685mg/L. The highest average concentration were found to be 0.253mg/L for Arsenic, 0.105mg/L for Cadmium, 0.122mg/L for Chromium, 2.120mg/L for Iron, 0.050mg/L for mercury, 1.522Mg/L for Manganese, 0.546mg/L for Nickel and 0.885mg/L for Zinc. This study reveals the need for enforcing adequate effluent treatment method before their discharge to surface water or environment to reduce their potential environmental hazards.

Determination of Heavy Metal in Effluents From Some Selected Pharmaceutical Companies

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Heavy metal is a member of a loosely defined sub-set of elements that exhibit metallic properties. This includes the transition metals metalloids, lanthanides and actinides (IUPAC).

Pharmaceutical effluents are waste generated by pharmaceutical industries during the process of drugs manufacturing. The increase in demand for pharmaceuticals has resulted in a consequent increase in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in the country and hence increased pharmaceutical waste which most times contain substantial amount of heavy metals.

Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium Nickel, chromium and other toxic organic chemicals or phenolic compounds discharged from pharmaceutical industries are known to affect the surface and ground water (Foess and Ericson, 1980). These effluents are usually discharged into the environment and when improperly handled and disposed, they affect both human health and the environment (Osaigbovo and Orhue, 2006, Ayodele et al, 1996, Anetor et al., 1999).

Studies showed that for the last 40 years, various devastating ecological effects and human disasters have arisen majorly from industrial wastes containing heavy metals causing environmental degradation (Abdel-Shafy and Abdel-Basir, 1991 Sridhar et al 2000). Following the increasing use of pharmaceuticals products in recent years, this having caused the industry to become one of the major contributors to industrial waste containing heavy metal in the environment. It is on this background that the project is investigating to determine presence of heavy metals from pharmaceutical effluent.

1.2 statement of the problem

Various devastating ecological effects and human disasters have arisen majorly from industrial wastes containing heavy metals causing environmental degradation (Abdel-Shafy and Abdel-Basir, 1991 Sridhar et al 2000).

Following the increasing use of pharmaceuticals products in recent years, this having caused the industry to become one of the major contributors to industrial waste containing heavy metal in the environment.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objective of this project is to determine the content and concentrations of heavy metals in effluents from some selected pharmaceutical companies in Enugu.

1.4 Scope / Delimitation of the Study

This project focused on the identification of heavy metals and their concentrations in effluent from some selected pharmaceutical companies in Enugu with a view to determining the rate of introduction of such metals into the environment.

It does not cover the treatment or purification of such effluent.

1.4.1 Limitation

The limitation of this project work include the challenges encountered in collecting effluent samples from pharmaceutical companies.

Financial constrain also pose some difficulties to the success of this project work.

1.5 Method of Research

The method of research adopted include the following:

  1. The use of World Wild Web (internet)
  2. Pharmaceutical handbook was used in writing the literature
  3. Samples were collected form pharmaceutical companies at their point of discharge.
  4. The collected samples were analyzed in the laboratory by the use of Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to identify the metals and obtain their concentrations in every sample.
…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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