1.1 Introduction
According to Ijsr (2021), Intelligent Street Lighting systems in the public sector are still designed according to the old standards reliability and they often do not have advantage of the latest technological development, the use of new technologies for the sources of light and also combination of sensors. There are three areas to be concentrated to achieve the high efficiency in the street lighting if the efficiency in each stage can easily achieve the maximum efficiency in overall system development. The first one in this area, is to choose light emitting diode (LED) technology, instead of sodium vapor lamp and compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), because itthise best solution since it offers benefits like power saving and long life. The second solution is the most revolutionary, it uses a sensor combination to control and guarantee the desired system parameters; the information is transferred point by point using ZigBee transmitters and receivers and is sent to a control terminal used to check the state of the street lamps and to take appropriate measures in case of failure. Finally, the third possibility would be the use of renewable energy sources rather than conventional power sources with a positive effect on the all environment issues. The Solar energy is the most important resource in this field to achieve the maximum efficiency (Ijsr, 2021).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Intelligent Street light control system is a centralized system which control and monitor status of the individual street lamp. Lights are switched to ON/OFF automatically based on PIR and LDR status. Status information stored in the PIC controller and also monitored over all status in control base station via Zigbee communication channel, LED has been the best potential light source for the next-generation lighting as it has many advantages such as high efficiency, long life, high reliability, and low power consumption (Hariharan et al., 2014).
Intelligent Street Lighting improves road safety, helps to reduce crime, and makes cities more vibrant and attractive places for both businesses and communities. Traditional street lights, however, are a massive drain on public finances and a major contributor towards climate change (AAEON, 2021).
To save money and meet a growing public demand for energy efficiency, cities around the world are in the process of replacing old street lights with low-power LEDs. But this upgrade can’t be the end of the story for 21st century lighting systems. Even if modern cities never sleep, the people who live in them do, and lights don’t need to shine at the same intensity throughout the night (AAEON, 2021).
In the smart cities of the future, we need a way to manage when – and how brightly – public lights shine. With a network of sensors and intelligent management systems, AAEON Intelligent Lighting Controls can respond to real-time factors to dim or turn on and off lights on a system-wide, specified-group, or individual level (AAEON, 2021).
Therefore, in Kwara State University where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the development of an intelligent street lightning system for KWASU conference centre.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals the problems of the Development of an Intelligent Street Lightning System for KWASU Conference Centre research work:
- Street lights are on in the presence of sun light.
- Street lights are on in the absence of any vehicle and pedestrian.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The main aim of the study is to design and construct an Intelligent Street Lightning System for KWASU Conference Centre. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To Provide efficient, automatic and Intelligent Street Lightning System for KWASU Conference Centre.
- To provide a Renewable energy sources and Longer life expectancy and Energy Saving.
- To avoid unnecessary Waste of light.
- To design an IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System. As the traffic decreases slowly during late-night hours, the intensity gets reduced progressively till morning to save energy and thus, the street lights switch on at the dusk and then switch off at the dawn, automatically.
The process repeats every day. White Light Emitting Diodes (LED) replaces conventional HID lamps in street lighting system to include dimming feature. The intensity is not possible to be controlled by the high intensity discharge (HID) lamp which is generally used in urban street lights. LED lights are the future of lighting because of their low energy consumption and long life. LED lights are fast replacing conventional lights because intensity control is possible by the pulse width modulation.
1.5 Significance of Study
This proposed system uses an Arduino board. Strings of LED are interfaced to the Arduino board. A programmed Arduino board is engaged to provide different intensities at different times of the night. This project is enhanced by integrating the LDR to follow the switching operation precisely and IOT to display the status of street on web browser and help in controlling it.
Besides, the study will serve as reference material for subsequent researcher in the field or related topics.
1.6 Scope of Study
The Study focuses on the development of an intelligent street lightning system for KWASU conference centre.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this institution to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.8 Motivation of Study
The motivation that prompts the execution of the research work is that, problems found in the existing system was that Street lights remain always on when there is presence of light, these street lights need a manual switching operation, these street lights are unnecessarily glowing with its full intensity in the absence of any activities in the street, high power consumption and waste of energy, and it also needs man power.
