1.1 Introduction
Criminal abortion, defined as the termination of a pregnancy through illegal means, has long been a contentious issue with profound implications for public health and social justice. In recent years, scholars and policymakers have increasingly focused attention on the impact of criminal abortion on young adults, recognizing the unique vulnerabilities and challenges faced by this demographic group. This section provides a comprehensive overview of the key factors and contextual considerations shaping the study of the effect of criminal abortion on young adults.
Criminal abortion often necessitated by restrictive laws or limited access to safe reproductive healthcare services, thrusts young adults into perilous situations where they confront grave risks to their health and well-being. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 25 million unsafe abortions occur annually, with young adults comprising a significant proportion of those affected (WHO, 2019). These clandestine procedures often performed under unsanitary conditions and by unqualified individuals, subject young adults to heightened risks of infection, hemorrhage, infertility, and even death (Singh, 2006).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
In contemporary society, the issue of criminal abortion stands as a deeply divisive and complex matter. Defined as the termination of a pregnancy through illegal means, criminal abortion not only poses significant risks to the physical health of individuals but also exacts profound psychological and emotional tolls, particularly on young adults. This introduction seeks to elucidate the multifaceted effects of criminal abortion on the lives of young adults, drawing upon empirical evidence and scholarly insights to underscore its far-reaching consequences.
Central to the discourse on criminal abortion is the broader framework of reproductive rights and access to comprehensive healthcare services. Restrictive abortion laws, coupled with barriers to reproductive healthcare, disproportionately affect young adults, limiting their ability to make autonomous decisions about their reproductive health (Gerdts et al., 2016). The intersection of legal, social, and economic factors shapes young adults' access to safe and legal abortion services, thereby influencing their risk of resorting to criminal abortion (Gerdts et al., 2016).
The impact of criminal abortion on young adults is intricately linked to social determinants of health, including socioeconomic status, education, and geographic location. Studies have shown that young adults from marginalized communities, including those with low income or limited access to education, are disproportionately affected by restrictive abortion laws and face heightened barriers to accessing safe reproductive healthcare services (Guttmacher Institute, 2019). These disparities contribute to inequalities in health outcomes and exacerbate the risks associated with criminal abortion among vulnerable populations (Guttmacher Institute, 2019).
The psychological and emotional consequences of criminal abortion among young adults are significant and multifaceted. Research suggests that young adults who undergo illegal abortions are more likely to experience psychological distress, including feelings of guilt, shame, and anxiety (Steinberg & Russo, 2009). The stigma and secrecy surrounding criminal abortion further compound these emotional burdens, impeding young adults' ability to seek support and coping mechanisms (Nordberg & Shochet, 2019). Understanding the psychological impact of criminal abortion is crucial for developing effective interventions and support services for young adults facing unintended pregnancies.
The legal and ethical dimensions of criminal abortion raise complex questions about autonomy, bodily integrity, and human rights. In many jurisdictions, young adults who seek illegal abortions may face legal repercussions, further exacerbating their vulnerability and marginalization (Guttmacher Institute, 2019). The criminalization of abortion perpetuates social stigma and discrimination, hindering efforts to promote reproductive justice and uphold the rights of young adults to make informed decisions about their bodies and futures (Ross, 2017).
Beyond the immediate physical risks, the aftermath of a criminal abortion can reverberate across various dimensions of a young adult's life. Research indicates that individuals who undergo illegal abortions are more likely to experience psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Steinberg & Russo, 2009). The stigma and secrecy surrounding criminal abortion exacerbate these psychological burdens, impeding young adults' ability to seek necessary support and care (Nordberg & Shochet, 2019). Moreover, the ramifications of criminal abortion extend beyond the individual to encompass broader societal implications. Young adults who resort to illegal abortion may face legal repercussions, further entrenching cycles of marginalization and disenfranchisement. Furthermore, the perpetuation of restrictive abortion laws perpetuates social inequities, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities and exacerbating existing disparities in access to reproductive healthcare services (Ross, 2017).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Effect of Criminal Abortion on Young Adult.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that criminal abortion exposes young adults to significant health risks and complications due to the lack of access to safe and legal abortion services. Research indicates that individuals who undergo illegal abortions are more likely to experience complications such as infection, hemorrhage, and uterine perforation (Grimes et al., 2006). These health risks can have long-term consequences for young adults' physical well-being and reproductive health.
Additionally, the experience of undergoing a criminal abortion can cause significant psychological distress and trauma among young adults. Studies have shown that individuals who resort to illegal abortions are more likely to experience feelings of guilt, shame, and anxiety (Nordberg & Shochet, 2019). The stigma and secrecy surrounding criminal abortion exacerbate these emotional burdens, leading to long-lasting psychological consequences (Steinberg & Russo, 2009).
Furthermore, criminal abortion perpetuates social stigma and discrimination against young adults who seek to terminate their pregnancies. In many societies, abortion is taboo and morally condemned, leading to ostracism and judgment of individuals who undergo the procedure (Nordberg & Shochet, 2019). Young adults may face social isolation, loss of social support, and discrimination in various spheres of life, including education, employment, and healthcare. Addressing these problems requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses legal reforms, comprehensive sexuality education, destigmatization efforts, and improved access to reproductive healthcare services. By addressing the root causes of criminal abortion and promoting reproductive justice, societies can better support the health and well-being of young adults in matters of reproductive health.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of criminal abortion on young adults, focusing on the multifaceted effects on their health, well-being, and socio-legal status. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To assess the legal vulnerability and reproductive rights of young adults seeking abortion in the study area;
- To assess the prevalence and incidence of criminal abortion among young adults;
- To examine the health risks and complications associated with criminal abortion;
- To investigate the social stigma and discrimination faced by young adults who undergo criminal abortion;
- To explore the psychological impact of criminal abortion on young adults; and
- To identify barriers to accessing safe and legal abortion services among young adults in the area under study.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Are there health risks and complications associated with criminal abortion?
- What is the prevalence and incidence of criminal abortion among young adults?
- What is the psychological impact of criminal abortion on young adults?
- What is the social stigma and discrimination faced by young adults who undergo criminal abortion?
- What are the barriers to accessing safe and legal abortion services among young adults in the study area?
- What are the legal vulnerability and reproductive rights of young adults seeking abortion in the area under study?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: There is no significant effect of criminal abortion on the health, well-being, and socio-legal status of young adults
- H1: Criminal abortion has a significant effect on the health, well-being, and socio-legal status of young adults
1.7 Significance of Study
The findings of this research will contribute immensely to the promotion of reproductive rights and justice by shedding light on the legal vulnerability and barriers to access faced by young adults seeking abortion. By documenting the implications of restrictive abortion laws and criminalization for young adults' autonomy and well-being, this research underscores the importance of safeguarding reproductive rights and ensuring access to comprehensive reproductive healthcare services (Ross, 2017).
This study will also help to address health inequities and disparities by examining the disproportionate impact of criminal abortion on marginalized communities and vulnerable populations. By identifying barriers to access and documenting disparities in healthcare outcomes, this research informs efforts to reduce inequalities in reproductive healthcare access and outcomes among young adults (Guttmacher Institute, 2019).
Furthermore, the findings of this study can inform the development of trauma-informed care and counseling services for young adults who have undergone criminal abortion. By understanding the psychological impact of criminal abortion and the stigma associated with it, and healthcare providers can better support young adults' mental health and well-being (Steinberg & Russo, 2009).
1.8 Scope of the Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Effect of Criminal Abortion on Young Adult in Nigeria using Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos State as a case study.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research Material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition of Terms
Criminal Abortion:
It refers to the termination of a pregnancy through illegal means, including procedures performed by unqualified individuals or in settings that do not meet medical standards. This definition is in accordance with legal frameworks governing abortion in specific jurisdictions where abortion is prohibited or highly restricted (Ross, 2017).
Abortion:
It is the termination of the pregnancy of a woman before it reaches full term.
Young Adult:
A young adult is typically defined as an individual between the ages of 18 and 35 years old, representing a transitional stage between adolescence and full adulthood. in the context of this study, young adults encompass individuals within this age range who may be affected by criminal abortion and its consequences (Nordberg & Shochet, 2019).