1.1 Introduction
The discovery method is a student-centered teaching approach that emphasizes active engagement, exploration, and problem-solving. Students learn by investigating and discovering information on their own or in groups, often through hands-on activities and experiments. This method encourages critical thinking and deeper understanding of the subject matter (Prince, 2004). However, the effectiveness of the discovery method in biology education specifically remains a topic of debate. While some researchers argue that it leads to improved academic outcomes and greater student engagement, others contend that its success heavily depends on factors such as the teacher's expertise, classroom resources, and the students' initial level of knowledge (Mayer, 2004). The method of instruction in educational settings plays a crucial role in shaping students' academic achievements. Among various teaching strategies, the discovery method has garnered significant attention in recent years.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
In recent years, educational policy and curriculum reforms in various countries have increasingly incorporated discovery-based approaches in science education. The integration of technology and digital tools has further facilitated the implementation of the discovery method, providing new opportunities for interactive and engaging learning experiences. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw a proliferation of research on the effectiveness of discovery learning in science education. A meta-analysis by Alfieri et al. (2011) synthesized findings from numerous studies and concluded that discovery-based instruction can enhance learning outcomes in science subjects, particularly when combined with guidance from teachers. This body of research supported the notion that discovery learning, when implemented correctly, can significantly improve student achievement in biology.
Educational methodologies have long been a subject of research and debate, particularly regarding their impact on student achievement. The traditional expository method, which focuses on direct instruction and passive learning, has been predominant in many educational systems. However, the need for more interactive and student-centered approaches has led to the exploration of alternative teaching methods, such as the discovery method. This method emphasizes active student participation, inquiry-based learning, and the construction of knowledge through experience and experimentation.
In the context of biology education, the discovery method involves students in hands-on activities, experiments, and problem-solving tasks that require them to apply scientific concepts and think critically. This method not only enhances cognitive skills but also fosters a greater interest and motivation in the subject matter. For example, research by Mayer (2004) suggests that guided discovery, where students receive some instructional support, can be particularly effective in improving learning outcomes compared to unguided discovery or traditional methods.
Despite the theoretical advantages of the discovery method, its implementation in secondary school biology classrooms has met with mixed results. Factors such as teacher preparedness, availability of resources, and the diversity of student backgrounds and abilities can influence the effectiveness of this approach. Studies have shown that when properly implemented, the discovery method can lead to significant improvements in student achievement.
For instance, a study by Alfieri et al. (2011) found that discovery-based learning approaches generally lead to better educational outcomes in science subjects when compared to traditional teaching methods. However, the success of the discovery method is not guaranteed. The method requires significant investment in teacher training, curriculum development, and classroom resources. Additionally, it demands a shift in the traditional roles of teachers and students, with teachers acting more as facilitators of learning rather than sources of knowledge.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to explore the effects of the discovery method on the academic achievement of biology students in secondary schools.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the discovery method often requires more resources, such as laboratory equipment, technology, and time for planning and execution of activities, compared to traditional teaching methods. Schools with limited resources may struggle to implement this method effectively, leading to disparities in student achievement. According to the National Research Council (2006), adequate resources are essential for the success of inquiry-based learning approaches.
Additionally, the effectiveness of the discovery method can vary significantly depending on how it is implemented. Factors such as teacher preparedness, the availability of resources, and classroom environment play crucial roles in determining the success of this method. Research by Mayer (2004) indicates that unguided discovery learning can lead to cognitive overload and confusion, especially if teachers are not adequately trained to facilitate such learning environments.
Furthermore, effective implementation of the discovery method requires teachers to possess a deep understanding of the subject matter and the pedagogical skills to guide student inquiry. However, many teachers may lack the necessary training and support to adopt this approach effectively. A study by Blanchard et al. (2010) highlights the need for extensive professional development programs to equip teachers with the skills required for successful discovery-based instruction. Hence, it is against this backdrop that this study tends to explore the Effects of Discovery Method on Biology Student's Achievement in Secondary Schools.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to investigate the Effects of Discovery Method on Biology Student’s Achievement in Secondary Schools using Enugu East Local Government Area as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To assess the difference in academic performance between students taught using the discovery method and those taught using traditional expository methods in secondary school biology classes;
- To examine the role of teacher preparedness and professional development in the successful implementation of the discovery method in biology education;
- To investigate the extent to which the availability and utilization of resources affect the implementation and effectiveness of the discovery method in biology teaching;
- To explore how students’ initial levels of knowledge, skills, and motivation impact their ability to benefit from the discovery method in biology; and
- To recommend assessment strategies that accurately measure learning outcomes associated with the discovery method, including critical thinking, problem-solving, and conceptual understanding.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What is the students’ level of knowledge, skills, and motivation impacts their ability to benefit from the discovery method in biology?
- What is the role of teacher preparedness and professional development in the successful implementation of the discovery method in biology education?
- To what extent does the availability and utilization of resources affect the implementation and effectiveness of the discovery method in biology teaching?
- What is the difference in academic performance between students taught using the discovery method and those taught using traditional expository methods in secondary school biology classes?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: There is no significant difference in the achievement of biology students in secondary schools when taught using the discovery method compared to traditional teaching methods
- H1: There is a significant difference in the achievement of biology students in secondary schools when taught using the discovery method compared to traditional teaching methods
1.7 Significance of Study
The findings of this research will highlight how different teaching methods cater to various learning styles and needs. This is crucial in creating inclusive educational environments that support all students, including those who may struggle with traditional methods.
Additionally, the discovery method emphasizes active learning, which can foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills. These skills are essential for students' success in higher education and future careers, particularly in scientific fields.
Furthermore, the findings of this research will inform educational policymakers about the benefits and potential challenges of implementing discovery-based learning in the curriculum. This can lead to more informed decisions regarding teaching standards and professional development programs for teachers.
Finally, the research study adds to the body of knowledge in educational research, particularly in the field of science education. It provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of different instructional methods, contributing to the ongoing dialogue on best practices in teaching and learning.
1.8 Scope of the Study
The scope of this research is focused on the Effects of Discovery Method on Biology Student’s Achievement in Secondary Schools. This study will cover schools in Enugu East Local Government Area of Enugu State.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition of Term
Discovery Method:
The discovery method is a student-centered teaching approach that emphasizes active engagement, exploration, and problem-solving. Students learn by investigating and discovering information on their own or in groups, often through hands-on activities and experiments. This method encourages critical thinking and deeper understanding of the subject matter (Prince, 2004).
Student Achievement:
Student achievement refers to the measurable performance outcomes of students in educational settings. It can be accessed through various means such as standardized test scores, grades, and other academic assessments. Achievement reflects the extent to which students have attained their learning objectives and acquired knowledge and skills in a specific subject area (Marzano, 2003).
Secondary Schools:
Secondary schools are educational institutions that provide instruction to students typically aged 12 to 18 years, covering grades 7 through 12 or equivalent. These schools serve as a bridge between primary education and higher education, preparing students for further academic pursuits or vocational training (UNESCO, 2011).
Traditional Teaching Methods:
Traditional teaching methods are teacher-centered instructional approaches where the teacher primarily delivers content through lectures, direct instruction, and rote memorization. These methods often involve passive learning, where students are expected to absorb information presented by the teacher with limited interaction or hands-on activities (Freeman et al., 2014).
Engagement:
Student engagement refers to the level of interest, motivation, and active participation that student’s exhibit in the learning process. High levels of engagement are associated with increased attention, curiosity, and enthusiasm for learning, which can lead to better academic outcomes and a more positive educational experience (Fredricks, Blumenfeld, & Paris, 2004).
