Functional Status of Renal Tissues of AlloxanInduced Diabetes Mellitus Rats Treated with Monosodium GlutamateAscorbic Acid 200Mg 4000Mg

Functional Status of Renal Tissues of Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats Treated with Monosodium Glutamate/Ascorbic Acid (200Mg / 4000Mg)

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Reference ID: PS-3037-TM

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This research material titled “Functional Status of Renal Tissues of Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats Treated with Monosodium Glutamate/Ascorbic Acid (200Mg / 4000Mg)” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Biochemistry, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Functional Status of Renal Tissues of Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats Treated with Monosodium Glutamate/Ascorbic Acid (200Mg / 4000Mg)” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

    CHAPTER TWO

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 2.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER THREE

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • 3.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER FOUR

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Results
    • ⋮
    • 4.3 Discussion of Findings

    CHAPTER FIVE

    SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Summary
    • 5.3 Conclusion
    • 5.4 Recommendation

    REFERENCES

    ABSTRACT

    Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder associated with poor secretion of insulin or resistance to insulin actions by peripheral tissues (Wild et al.,2004; Ali et al., 2014; Shah and Khan, 2014). The multifaceted etiology of DM has been described elsewhere (El-Missiry and El-Gindy, 2000; Nagappa et al.,2003; Jung et al., 2006; Filippi and von Herrath, 2008; Gwarzo et al., 2010; Trna et al., 2012). Studies have established a connection between Type 1 DM and compromised activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) antagonists and scavenging enzymes (Kesavulu et al., 2000; Yue et al., 2003; Shah and Khan, 2014), which engender disturbances in metabolism (Evans et al., 2002; Kumaret al., 2013) with attendant oxidative stress induced tissue damage (Ahmed et al., 2010; Ali et al., 2014) and complications such as retinopathy, microangiopathy, ketoacidosis, neuropathy and nephropathy (Rameshkumar et al., 2004; Pop-Busui et al., 2006; Yim et al., 2007; Singh et al., 2011).

    Molecular events leading to ß–cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are connected with stress-sensitive signaling pathways, which are progenitors of DM pathology and complications (Evans et al., 2002; Malviya et al., 2010; Aliet al., 2014). Since alloxan or streptozotocin causes selective oxidative damage to pancreatic ß–cells, intra-peritoneal injection of their salt solutions is commonly used to induce Type 1 DM in experimental animals (Takasu et al.,2001; Szkudelski, 2001; Yim et al., 2007; Shah and Khan, 2014). Oxidative stress is currently suggested as mechanism underlying diabetes and diabetic complications (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1989).

    Free radicals are continually produced in the body as the result of normal metabolic processes and interaction with environmental stimuli. Under physiological conditions, a wide range of antioxidant defenses protects against the adverse effects of free radical production in vivo (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1989). Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between radical-generating and radical scavenging systems, that is, increased free radical production or reduced activity of antioxidant defenses or both these phenomena. In diabetes, protein glycation and glucose autoxidation may generate free radicals, which in turn catalyze lipid peroxidation (Mullarkey et al., 1990; baynes, 1991). Moreover, disturbances of antioxidant defense systems in diabetes were shown: alteration in antioxidant enzymes (Strains, 1991), impaired glutathione metabolism (McLennan et al., 1991), and decreased ascorbic acid levels (Jennings et al.,1987; Young et al., 1992).

    Functional Status of Renal Tissues of Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats Treated with Monosodium Glutamate/Ascorbic Acid (200Mg / 4000Mg)

    CHAPTER ONE

    1.1 Introduction

    … As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.

    …

    CHAPTER TWO

    2.0 Literature Review

    2.1 Introduction

    This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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