1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
The land can be cleaned up before we use it, and purify water before we drink it, but, except in air-conditioned rooms, we must breathe air as it comes to us. Automobiles, factories, heating furnaces, power plants, trash incinerators, each add to the problem, so control is difficult (Microsoft Encarta 2009). Air pollution is a major environmental problem throughout the world. Most air pollution problems thus result from man’s pattern of energy use and production.
Air quality is affected by economic activities which introduce pollutants into the atmosphere that pose threats to human health and other life forms on earth. It furthermore has the potential to change the climate with unpredictable, but potentially severe consequences on a local and global scale. Because large bodies of air cannot be contained, atmospheric pollution can only be controlled at its source. At present there is no comprehensive information on air quality or on the levels of emissions entering the atmosphere from different sources. However, air pollution is a major environmental risk to health. By reducing air pollution levels, we can help countries reduce the global burden of disease from respiratory infections, heart disease, and lung cancer. The lower the levels of air pollution in a city, the better respiratory (both long- and short-term), and cardiovascular health of the population will be. A pollutant is the wrong stuff in the wrong place at the wrong time, and especially in developed nations such as ours, avoiding pollution is not necessarily easy. The problem is made worse by a loss of ownership of the problem; by reality gaps between government agencies which must regulate and monitor on the broader level of pollutant averages over time and local citizens that are justifiably upset over local episodes; and by entrenchment in the comfort of our own consumptive lifestyles and by limited alternatives.
The auto industry and its support enterprises continue to flourish, while mass transit struggles to survive. Fossil fuel-based energies overshadow wind, solar and other sources of energy. Cleaner fuels often remain a novelty. Land use decisions, or the lack of them, make it difficult for many to walk or bike to work. Numerous small mechanical devices replace muscle power. Disposable items save us even more time and work. Food is transported far from where it is grown, to a region which could supply its own food needs. All of these factors lead to increased product and energy consumption and have a vast impact on air quality.
Environmental pollution is the unfavourable alteration of the environment due to the addition of impurities by man to constitute danger to either his/her health (ldodo-Umeh, 2010). One of the major causes of environmental pollution is air pollution. Air pollution is the additional of air borne substances such as dust, smoke, soot and sulphurdioxide found in the air that alter the composition of the atmosphere causing harm to human. Carbon monoxide is the major pollutant produced from the exhaust of automobile. Nitrogen-monoxide and Nitrogen dioxide are other gases produced from the motorcycle (ldodo-Umeh, 2010).
Human activities release GHG emissions and contribute to increasing concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere. CO2 is the predominant GHG emitted by human sources. Like most GHGs, CO2 is produced both by natural and human activities and can be removed from the atmosphere through natural processes. However, increased production of CO2 by human sources has caused total GHG emissions exceed natural absorption rates, resulting in increased atmospheric concentrations. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have increased by nearly 30 percent, CH4 concentrations have more than doubled, and N2O concentrations have risen by approximately 15 percent (Browning,2003).
Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects. Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways. Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. People with health problems such as asthma, heart and lung disease may also suffer more when the air is polluted. The extent to which an individual is harmed by air pollution usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging chemicals, i.e., the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chemicals must be taken into account. Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly.
Research into the health effects of air pollution is ongoing. Medical conditions arising from air pollution can be very expensive. Healthcare costs, lost productivity in the workplace, and human welfare impacts cost billions of dollars each year. Mankind has always believed in a better place where life is free of stress and toil where health and happiness abound (Haastrup and Adeogun, 2005). The environment is at the top of the agenda for governments, civil society and citizens, and is likely to remain so for some time. Its importance in business and purchase decision-making, as well as in legislation, standards and regulations is increasing all the time. As a result, no business can afford to take the environment for granted. Whatever your industry or area of activity, you need to minimize your impact on the environment and protect it as much as possible
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Impact of Air Pollution on the Environment.
1.2 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the emission discharged from the exhausts and other air pollutants expose them and other citizens to environmental health conditions such as lung cancer, asthma, irritation of the eyes and even cataract of the eyes. These conditions are worsened with the use of poor quality engine oil which results to the release of emission of poor gases in the air.
The problem of air pollution has seemingly become intractable with the incessant failure of both global and local environmental policies purportedly emplaced to address its devastating trend, particularly in growing megacities of the world. The devastating effects of the phenomenon are more pronounced in megacities of developing countries than in developed ones.
Also mixed fuel gasoline is another factor that emits carbon dioxide (C02) into the air causing air pollution in the environment. Together; these pollutants seriously affect human health and the environment if precautions are not taken. These Okada riders may or may not be ignorant of the consequences of their action because of their determination to survive and make out a living. It is therefore important to examine the Impact of Air Pollution on the Environment.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to examine the Impact of Air Pollution on the Environment. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the awareness level of air pollution effect on human health;
- To investigate the environmental effects of air pollution on health; and
- To examine the knowledge influence of the air pollution effect on the health.
1.4 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Are people aware about the effect of air pollution on human health?
- What are the environmental effects of air pollution on health?
- What is the knowledge influence of air pollution effect on the health?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
- H01: People living in the study area will not be significantly knowledgeable about the effect of air pollution on their health.
- H02: Age will not significantly influence the knowledge of the effects of air pollution on the health of people living in the study area.
1.6 Significance of Study
The significance of air pollution as one of the contemporary issues and accelerating factors that propel climate change in both developed and developing countries cannot be overemphasized.
Also, the results of this study may be of significant to the community because may be the knowledge and awareness of the effect of air pollution on the health of the people living in the study area are discussed and through this more awareness on the health implication is created.
Furthermore, the findings of this research will impact on health awareness of the larger community, when the healths of the residents are improved, the health of the community will also improve.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Impact of Air Pollution on the Environment using Okpe Local Government Area of Delta State as a case study.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research Material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.9 Definition of Terms
Air pollution:
It means air contamination by harmful substances.
Awareness:
It refers to the consciousness through revelation.
Knowledge:
It is the process of understanding gained through experience or study.
