Marine Pollutions Effects on Shipping Operations and the Marine Environment

Marine Pollution's Effects on Shipping Operations and the Marine Environment

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-681-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “Marine Pollution's Effects on Shipping Operations and the Marine Environment” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Maritime and Transport, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Marine Pollution's Effects on Shipping Operations and the Marine Environment” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE — Introduction

  • 1.1 Background of the Study
  • 1.2 Statement of General Problem
  • 1.3 Objective of the Study
  • 1.4 Research Questions
  • 1.5 Hypothesis
  • 1.6 Significance of the Study
  • 1.7 Scope of the Study
  • 1.8 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO — Review of Related Literature

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.3. Green House Gas Emissions
  • 2.4. Power Plants
  • 2.5. What is the Term Gas Flaring?
  • 2.6. Origin of Gas Flaring
  • 2.7. Culprits in Niger Delta Oil, Flares and Power Plants
  • 2.8. Environmental and health impacts of Gas Flaring / Power Plants Emissions
  • 2.9 Barriers to Gas Flaring Utilization
  • 2.9. Environmental Management Theories

CHAPTER THREE — Research Methodology

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Research Design
  • 3.3 Research Methodology

CHAPTER FOUR — Data Presentation and Analysis

  • 4.0 Introduction
  • 4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE — Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

  • 5.1 Summary
  • 5.2 Conclusion
  • 5.3 Recommendations

REFERENCES

Marine Pollution’s Effects on Shipping Operations and the Marine Environment

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or dirt into the ocean. Land and air pollution have proven to be harmful to marine life and its habitats.

The pollution often comes from non point sources such as agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algae growth.

Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are either deposit or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains. Many particles combine chemically in a manner highly depletive of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic.

When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem, they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, these pesticides can cause mutations, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web.

Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behaviour, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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