1.1 Introduction
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types (WHO, 2021). Cervical cancer remains a significant public health concern globally, especially in developing countries where it ranks as one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with an estimated 570,000 new cases and 311,000 deaths worldwide in 2018 alone (WHO, 2019). This alarming statistic underscores the critical need for enhanced awareness and preventive measures.
Undergraduate students of childbearing age, typically between 18 to 35 years, represent a crucial demographic for cervical cancer education and prevention efforts. This age group is particularly relevant because they are at the onset of their reproductive years and may benefit greatly from early knowledge and intervention strategies. Despite the availability of effective screening methods such as the Pap smear and HPV vaccination, the uptake remains suboptimal in many regions due to a lack of awareness, and limited access to healthcare services (Bruni et al., 2020).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
In the mid-20th century, the introduction of the Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) marked a significant milestone in the early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. The widespread adoption of the Pap smear in developed countries led to a substantial decline in cervical cancer rates. However, the uptake of this screening method has been slower in developing countries due to limited resources, lack of awareness, and cultural barriers. The relationship between education and health outcomes has long been established, with higher levels of education correlating with better health awareness and practices (Bosch et al., 2002).
Cervical cancer is a major global health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where it is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. The disease is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Despite its preventable nature, cervical cancer continues to claim many lives due to inadequate screening and vaccination programs. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2020, over 600,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and approximately 342,000 died from the disease (WHO, 2021).
In many developing countries, including Nigeria, the burden of cervical cancer is exacerbated by a lack of awareness and limited access to healthcare services. Studies have shown that knowledge about cervical cancer and its prevention is often low, particularly among young women in their reproductive years (Eze et al., 2021). This demographic is crucial for targeted health interventions as they are in a position to benefit most from preventive measures such as HPV vaccination and regular screening.
Undergraduate students represent a significant segment of this population, often being at the peak of their reproductive age and making critical life decisions that can impact their long-term health. Despite this, there is a paucity of research focusing on their knowledge and attitudes towards cervical cancer. Understanding their level of awareness and the factors that influence their health-seeking behaviors is essential for developing effective educational and preventive strategies.
Understanding the level of knowledge about cervical cancer among this demographic is vital for designing targeted educational programs that can lead to better health outcomes. Studies have shown that awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer, its risk factors, and preventive measures can significantly influence health-seeking behavior and the adoption of preventive practices (Hyacinth et al., 2021). Existing literature indicates that several barriers hinder the uptake of cervical cancer screening and vaccination among young women. These include misconceptions about the disease, cultural beliefs, fear of stigma, and lack of access to affordable healthcare services (Ncube et al., 2015). Educational institutions have a pivotal role to play in disseminating information and promoting health-seeking behaviors among students.
Furthermore, the impact of cervical cancer extends beyond physical health, affecting psychological well-being, academic performance, and overall quality of life. Students who are aware of these potential consequences may be more motivated to engage in preventive behaviors. Therefore, assessing the knowledge and perceptions of undergraduate students about cervical cancer and its effects is critical for informing public health policies and educational programs.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the effects of cervical cancer extend beyond physical health, impacting psychological well-being and academic performance. The fear and anxiety associated with the potential diagnosis of a severe illness can affect students' mental health and academic focus. Awareness and educational programs need to address these broader impacts to support students holistically (GLOBOCAN, 2020). Despite significant advancements in the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer, knowledge and awareness about the disease remain alarmingly low among undergraduate students of childbearing age. This demographic is critical for targeted health interventions due to their potential to engage in preventive behaviors and influence future generations. However, several issues persist that hinder the effective dissemination and uptake of cervical cancer knowledge and preventive practices among these young women.
Additionally, studies consistently show that awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer, its risk factors, and preventive measures are inadequately low among young women, including undergraduate students. Many students lack basic information about HPV, the primary cause of cervical cancer, and the importance of regular screening and vaccination (Makwe et al., 2012).
Furthermore, cultural beliefs and social stigmas associated with cervical cancer and HPV infection contribute to misinformation and reluctance to seek preventive care. In many societies, discussions about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and related preventive measures are taboo, leading to a lack of open dialogue and education on the subject (Aniebue & Aniebue, 2010). These barriers can result in fear, shame, and misinformation, further deterring young women from accessing screening and vaccination services. Hence, it is against this backdrop that this study aims to examine the Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and it's Effects Among Undergraduate Students of Child Bearing Age.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to examine the Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and it’s Effects Among Undergraduate Students of Child Bearing Age using UNIMAID in Borno State as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To identify the primary sources of information through which students learn about cervical cancer and its prevention;
- To explore the attitudes and perceptions of undergraduate students towards cervical cancer screening;
- To assess the psychological and social factors that influence students’ health-seeking behaviors and attitudes towards cervical cancer prevention;
- To identify barriers that prevent students from engaging in these preventive practices; and
- To recommend strategies for incorporating comprehensive cervical cancer education into university programs.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Are there barriers that prevent students from engaging in these preventive practices?
- What are the psychological and social factors that influence students’ health-seeking behaviors and attitudes towards cervical cancer prevention?
- What are the attitudes and perceptions of undergraduate students towards cervical cancer screening?
- What are the primary sources of information through which students learn about cervical cancer and its prevention?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: There are no significant barriers that prevent students of UNIMAID from engaging in cervical cancer preventive practices
- H1: There are significant barriers that prevent students of UNIMAID from engaging in cervical cancer preventive practices
1.7 Significance of Study
The findings of this study can inform educational policymakers and university administrators about the current state of cervical cancer awareness among students. This information is vital for integrating comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education into university curricula, ensuring that students receive accurate and relevant information (Kumar et al., 2010).
Additionally, educating undergraduate students, particularly those of childbearing age, about cervical cancer can empower them to take proactive steps in managing their health. Increased knowledge and awareness can lead to higher participation rates in cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination programs (Hyacinth et al., 2021).
Furthermore, the findings of this research study can help identify specific demographic groups or regions within the student population that have lower levels of knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer. This information is critical for addressing health disparities and ensuring that all students, regardless of background, have access to vital health information and services (Gakidou et al., 2008).
Finally, the findings of this research will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of this research is focused on the Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and it’s Effects Among Undergraduate Students of Child Bearing Age using UNIMAID in Borno State as a case study.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition of Terms
Cervical Cancer:
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types (WHO, 2021).
Pap Smear (Papanicolaou Test):
The Pap smear is a procedure used to collect cells from the cervix to detect abnormalities that may be indicative of cervical cancer or precancerous conditions. Regular Pap smears are crucial for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer (NCI, 2021).
Screening:
Screening refers to the systematic application of tests or examinations to detect a disease in individuals who do not yet show symptoms. in the context of cervical cancer, screening typically involves Pap smears and HPV testing to identify precancerous changes early (ACS, 2020).
Undergraduate Students:
Undergraduate students are individuals enrolled in a higher education institution, pursuing their first degree, typically a bachelor's degree. In this study, the focus is on those within the childbearing age range (18-35 years) (NCES, 2021).
Childbearing Age:
Childbearing age refers to the age range during which women are biologically capable of conceiving and bearing children, generally considered to be from 18 to 35 years old. This demographic is crucial for cervical cancer prevention due to their reproductive health needs (WHO, 2020).
Knowledge:
In this context, knowledge refers to the awareness and understanding of cervical cancer, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, screening methods, and prevention strategies. It encompasses both factual information and the comprehension of its relevance and implications (Rimer & Glanz, 2005).
