1.1 Introduction
The health and well-being of children are significantly influenced by the knowledge and practices of their caregivers, particularly mothers, who often play a pivotal role in child-rearing. Hygiene practices and nutrition are two critical areas where maternal knowledge can directly impact child health outcomes. Poor hygiene practices and inadequate nutrition are major predisposing factors for various childhood illnesses, including infectious diseases and malnutrition.
According to Bhutta et al., (2013), the relationship between maternal knowledge and child health underscores the importance of educational interventions aimed at improving hygiene and nutrition practices among mothers. Studies have shown that enhancing maternal understanding of these areas can lead to significant improvements in child health metrics, such as reduced rates of stunting, underweight, and illness (Bhutta et al., 2013). Research indicates that many childhood illnesses, such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, and parasitic infections, are closely linked to hygiene practices and nutritional status (UNICEF, 2020).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
In the early 1900s, pioneering public health campaigns focused on educating mothers about basic hygiene practices. The importance of handwashing, proper waste disposal, and safe food handling were emphasized to prevent common infectious diseases. Public health nurses and midwives played crucial roles in disseminating this knowledge, often through home visits and community health clinics (Rosen, 2015). The mid-20th century saw a significant shift with the advent of the “baby-friendly” hospital initiatives and the promotion of breastfeeding as a means to improve child nutrition and immunity. The discovery of vitamins and the understanding of their role in preventing diseases like rickets, scurvy, and pellagra also underscored the importance of nutrition (Allen & Gillespie, 2001). During this period, the role of maternal education in preventing malnutrition and promoting healthy child development gained recognition.
Child health remains a critical concern globally, with millions of children under the age of five succumbing to preventable diseases each year. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that diarrhea and acute respiratory infections are among the leading causes of mortality in young children, accounting for significant morbidity and mortality rates in low- and middle-income countries (WHO, 2021). These health issues are often exacerbated by poor hygiene practices and inadequate nutritional knowledge among primary caregivers, particularly mothers.
Hygiene practices, including hand washing with soap, proper sanitation, and safe water handling, are fundamental in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. According to a UNICEF report, hand washing with soap can reduce diarrhea morbidity by up to 40% and respiratory infections by approximately 23% (UNICEF, 2018). Despite the proven benefits, many communities still struggle with the adoption of effective hygiene practices due to a lack of knowledge, cultural beliefs, and limited access to hygiene facilities. Nutritional knowledge is equally vital, as proper nutrition is essential for the growth, development, and overall health of children. Malnutrition, which includes both undernutrition and overnutrition, poses a significant threat to child health. Undernutrition, characterized by stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies, can lead to weakened immune systems and increased susceptibility to infections. Conversely, overnutrition, leading to obesity, can also result in serious health issues such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases later in life (Black et al., 2013).
Research has consistently highlighted the crucial role of maternal education in promoting better health outcomes for children. Mothers with higher levels of education and better knowledge of hygiene and nutrition are more likely to adopt practices that protect their children from illness and promote their well-being. Educational interventions targeting mothers have shown to be effective in improving child health indicators, reducing the prevalence of common childhood illnesses, and enhancing nutritional status (Bhutta et al., 2013). Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Knowledge of Mothers on Hygiene Practices and Nutrition as Predisposing Factors of Children Ill-Health.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that many mothers lack essential knowledge about proper hygiene practices and nutrition. This deficiency contributes to the persistence of preventable diseases such as diarrhea, and malnutrition. Studies have shown that maternal education on hygiene, such as handwashing with soap, significantly reduces the incidence of diarrhea (Freeman et al., 2014). Similarly, knowledge about balanced diets and the importance of micronutrients is crucial for preventing malnutrition and promoting healthy development in children (UNICEF, 2013).
Additionally, even when mothers are aware of good hygiene and nutrition practices, they may lack access to the necessary resources and facilities to implement these practices effectively (WHO, 2015). Existing health education programs often fail to reach all segments of the population or to deliver information in a culturally sensitive and easily understandable manner. There is a need for more effective, community-based educational interventions that can bridge the knowledge gap and promote sustainable behavior change among mothers (Lassi et al., 2013). Hence, it is against this backdrop that this study aims to examine the Knowledge of Mothers on Hygiene Practices and Nutrition as Predisposing Factors of Children Ill-Health.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to evaluate the Knowledge of Mothers on Hygiene Practices and Nutrition as Predisposing Factors of Children Ill-Health. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To explore the cultural beliefs and socioeconomic conditions that influence mothers’ knowledge and practices regarding hygiene and nutrition;
- To evaluate the current level of knowledge that mothers possess about basic hygiene practices such as safe water handling, and sanitation;
- To investigate the relationship between maternal knowledge of hygiene and nutrition and the prevalence of common childhood illnesses;
- To assess mothers’ understanding of the dietary needs of children at different developmental stages; and
- To suggest strategies for effective implementation of these interventions within the community context in the study area.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What is the current level of knowledge that mothers possess about basic hygiene practices such as safe water handling, and sanitation?
- What is the relationship between maternal knowledge of hygiene and nutrition and the prevalence of common childhood illnesses?
- To what extent does a mother understand the dietary needs of children at different developmental stages?
- What are the cultural beliefs and socioeconomic conditions that influence mothers’ knowledge and practices regarding hygiene and nutrition?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: Educational interventions targeted at mothers do not effectively improve their knowledge and practices related to hygiene and nutrition, nor do they reduce the prevalence of childhood illnesses.
- H1: Educational interventions targeted at mothers effectively improve their knowledge and practices related to hygiene and nutrition.
Hypothesis Two
- H0: There is no significant relationship between the level of maternal knowledge of hygiene practices and the incidence of common childhood illnesses
- H1: There is a significant relationship between the level of maternal knowledge of hygiene practices and the incidence of common childhood illnesses
1.7 Significance of Study
The findings from this study will inform policymakers and healthcare providers about the most effective strategies for maternal and child health education. This can lead to the implementation of more targeted and culturally sensitive health programs that address the root causes of child morbidity and mortality.
Additionally, this research contributes to the broader body of knowledge in public health, emphasizing the pivotal role of maternal education in child health. It highlights the importance of a holistic approach that integrates education, resources, and community support to improve health outcomes.
Ultimately, the study targets to empower mothers by providing them with the knowledge and tools they need to make informed decisions about their children's health. This empowerment can lead to lasting improvements in child health metrics, reduced healthcare costs, and enhanced quality of life for families and communities.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on Knowledge of Mothers on Hygiene Practices and Nutrition as Predisposing Factors of Children Ill-Health using Using Enugu Metropolis in Nigeria as a case study.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Initial Cooperation Delay from Respondents: A particular limitation of this work came as a result of the respondent refusal to offer their cooperation at the initial time they were contacted. This contributed in making the success of this research study difficult.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition of Terms
Childhood Ill-Health:
Childhood ill-health encompasses a range of health conditions and diseases that affect children, particularly those under the age of five. Common conditions include infectious diseases (e.g., diarrhea, pneumonia), malnutrition, and other health problems that impede normal growth and development. These illnesses can result in high morbidity and mortality rates if not adequately addressed (WHO, 2021).
Hygiene Practices
Hygiene practices refer to behaviors and routines that promote cleanliness and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Key practices include handwashing with proper sanitation, and food safety measures. Effective hygiene practices are crucial in reducing the transmission of pathogens and protecting children's health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020).
Nutrition:
Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body's dietary needs. Good nutrition is essential for growth, development, and the maintenance of health, and involves a balanced diet that provides all necessary nutrients in appropriate amounts (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020).
Malnutrition:
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. It encompasses both undernutrition and overnutrition. In children, malnutrition can lead to impaired growth, weakened immunity, and increased susceptibility to infections (UNICEF, 2019).
Maternal Knowledge:
Maternal knowledge refers to the awareness and understanding that mothers have about various aspects of child care, including hygiene practices and nutrition. It involves knowing the correct actions to take to prevent disease and promote health in their children. Higher levels of maternal knowledge are associated with better health outcomes for children (Bhutta et al., 2013).
Socioeconomic Factors:
They are the social and economic conditions that influence individuals’ lives, including income, education, occupation, and social status. These factors can significantly impact health behaviors and access to resources, thereby affecting hygiene practices and nutritional status among mothers and their children (Marmot & Wilkinson, 2005).
