1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
Exercise and recreational activities are widely recognized as important components of a healthy lifestyle, contributing to both physical and mental well-being. During pregnancy, maintaining an active lifestyle can help reduce common discomforts such as back pain, swelling, and fatigue, while also lowering the risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and excessive weight gain (Evans et al., 2016). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week for pregnant women, emphasizing that physical activity during pregnancy is generally safe and beneficial when appropriately managed (ACOG, 2020). However, despite the documented advantages, many pregnant women are either unaware of the guidelines or hesitant to engage in exercise and recreational activities due to cultural beliefs, fear of harming the fetus, or lack of knowledge (Mottola & Davenport, 2019). Studies suggest that women with higher educational backgrounds and those who receive positive reinforcement from healthcare providers are more likely to engage in regular physical activities during pregnancy (Pereira et al., 2007).
Today, research continues to affirm the benefits of exercise and recreation during pregnancy, with a growing focus on understanding the factors that influence pregnant women’s perceptions and participation. Studies have shown that while most women are aware of the positive effects of exercise, many still refrain from engaging in physical activity due to concerns about safety or lack of access to information and support (Evenson & Bradley, 2010). As a result, antenatal clinics have become important venues for educating and encouraging pregnant women to incorporate safe exercise and recreation into their routines. The antenatal clinic setting provides a unique opportunity to educate pregnant women about the benefits of exercise and recreation. By understanding their perceptions and attitudes toward these activities, healthcare providers can tailor interventions that address barriers, promote safe exercise practices, and encourage overall maternal and fetal health.
Exercise during pregnancy is often perceived differently by pregnant women, influenced by factors such as cultural beliefs, education, and advice from healthcare providers. Studies show that women who regularly engage in moderate exercise during pregnancy tend to experience better mood regulation, reduced incidences of gestational diabetes, and shorter labor times (ACOG, 2015). Perceived exercise is refers to an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and understanding about the nature and benefits of physical activity during pregnancy (Gaston & Cramp, 2011). Pregnancy is a critical period in a woman’s life, characterized by significant physiological and psychological changes. Regular exercise and recreational activities during pregnancy have been shown to promote maternal health, reduce pregnancy-related discomforts, and improve fetal development (Artal & O’Toole, 2003).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to investigate the perceived exercise and recreation habits among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, exploring the factors influencing their participation in these beneficial activities.
1.2 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the perception of exercise and recreation during pregnancy is often influenced by various factors, including cultural beliefs, misinformation, and the fear of harming the fetus. Despite the well-documented benefits of physical activity during pregnancy, many pregnant women attending antenatal clinics are hesitant to engage in exercise or recreational activities (Mottola & Davenport, 2019). This hesitation is rooted in misconceptions about the safety of exercise during pregnancy, with some women believing that physical activity is detrimental to fetal health or that it increases the risk of pregnancy complications (Gaston & Vamos, 2013).
Additionally, a lack of adequate information from healthcare providers is contributing to this problem. Research shows that many pregnant women do not receive clear guidance from their healthcare providers regarding safe exercise practices, leading to confusion and inactivity (Evenson & Bradley, 2010).
Socioeconomic factors and accessibility to recreational facilities is also playing a role in limiting participation in physical activities. Pregnant women from lower-income backgrounds or rural areas often face additional barriers, such as limited access to exercise programs and safe recreational spaces, further discouraging them from staying active (Pereira et al., 2007). It is against the backdrop that this study seeks to address these problems by assessing the perceived exercise and recreation among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to assess the perceived exercise and recreation among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To identify the common perceptions and misconceptions held by pregnant women concerning the safety and appropriateness of physical activities during pregnancy.
- To assess the role of healthcare providers in promoting exercise and recreation among pregnant women at antenatal clinics.
- To examine the socio-cultural, economic, and personal factors that influences the attitudes and decisions of pregnant women to engage or not engage in exercise and recreational activities.
- To evaluate the level of awareness and knowledge of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics regarding the benefits of exercise and recreation during pregnancy.
- To provide recommendations for improving the uptake of exercise and recreation among pregnant women through antenatal education and support.
1.4 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What is the level of awareness and knowledge among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics about the benefits of exercise and recreation during pregnancy?
- What are the perceptions and misconceptions of pregnant women regarding the safety of exercise and recreational activities during pregnancy?
- What socio-cultural, economic, and personal factors influence the participation of pregnant women in exercise and recreation?
- How do healthcare providers at antenatal clinics influence the attitudes and behaviors of pregnant women towards exercise and recreation?
- What strategies can be employed to improve the participation of pregnant women in exercise and recreational activities during pregnancy?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
- H01: There is a significant relationship between the level of awareness and the participation of pregnant women in exercise and recreational activities during pregnancy.
- H02: Misconceptions about the safety of exercise during pregnancy negatively influence the participation of pregnant women in physical activities.
1.6 Significance of Study
The findings from this study will be significant for several stakeholders:
- For pregnant women, the study will provide critical information about the benefits of exercise and recreation during pregnancy. By understanding these benefits and addressing their concerns, women will be empowered to make informed decisions about incorporating physical activity into their routines.
- For healthcare providers, the study will offer insights into the common misconceptions and barriers that pregnant women face regarding exercise. This information will help them develop more effective educational materials and counseling strategies to promote safe and beneficial physical activity during pregnancy.
- For antenatal clinics, the study will identify gaps in current practices and highlight the need for improved resources and support systems. Clinics will be able to implement targeted interventions and educational programs based on the study’s findings, enhancing the overall quality of care provided.
- For policymakers, the study will provide evidence on the importance of incorporating exercise and recreation into prenatal care guidelines. This will support the development of policies that promote physical activity among pregnant women and address socio-cultural and economic barriers to participation.
- For researchers, the study will contribute valuable data to the existing body of knowledge on maternal health and physical activity. It will highlight areas for further investigation and potentially influence future research agendas aimed at improving exercise recommendations and support for pregnant women.
1.7 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the perceived exercise and recreation among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic using Warri Central Hospital in Delta State, Nigeria as a case study.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The study faced several limitations that impacted its execution and outcomes.
- Delays from respondents in providing feedback or completing surveys were a concern. This factor contributed to a longer data collection period, which might have affected the overall efficiency of the study.
- Additionally, financial constraints played a role in limiting the scope of the research. Budgetary restrictions affected the resources available for data collection, analysis, and dissemination of findings, potentially influencing the depth and breadth of the study.
- Finally, time constraints were a factor that restricted the thoroughness of the study. The limited timeframe for conducting the research and analyzing results impacted the extent to which the study could explore all relevant aspects of exercise and recreation among pregnant women.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Exercise: Refers to any planned, structured, and repetitive physical activity undertaken with the aim of improving or maintaining physical fitness and health (World Health Organization, 2020). During pregnancy, exercise encompasses activities such as walking, swimming, and prenatal yoga that are performed at a moderate intensity level and are deemed safe for both the mother and the fetus (Artal & O’Toole, 2003).
Recreation: Encompasses activities that are undertaken for enjoyment, relaxation, or leisure, and can include physical activities as well as hobbies and social engagements (Hubbard, 2018). in the context of pregnancy, recreational activities may include moderate exercise, as well as other forms of leisure that contribute to overall well-being and stress relief (Phelan et al., 2011).
Perceived Exercise: Refers to an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and understanding about the nature and benefits of physical activity during pregnancy (Gaston & Cramp, 2011). This includes how pregnant women view the safety, effectiveness, and appropriateness of exercise as part of their prenatal care.
Perceived Recreation: Involves the subjective interpretation of recreational activities by pregnant women, including their perceived value, enjoyment, and impact on their overall well-being during pregnancy (Evenson & Bradley, 2010). This term reflects how women assess the role of leisure activities in their pregnancy experience.
Antenatal Clinic: A healthcare facility where pregnant women receive prenatal care, including routine check-ups, health screenings, and educational support throughout their pregnancy (ACOG, 2015). These clinics play a crucial role in monitoring maternal and fetal health and providing guidance on various aspects of pregnancy, including exercise and recreation.
