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Preparation of Soap Using Local Raw Materials

Preparation of Soap Using Local Raw Materials

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Preparation of Soap Using Local Raw Materials” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Science Laboratory Technology (SLT) for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Preparation of Soap Using Local Raw Materials provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.0 Introduction
  • 1.1 Background
  • 1.2 Definition
  • 1.3 types of Soap
  • 1.4 Aim and Objectives
  • 1.5 Statements of Problems
  • 1.6 Hypothesis
  • 1.7 Significance
  • 1.8 Limitation of this Study

CHAPTER TWO

  • 2.0 Literature Review
  • 2.1 Sources of Wood Ash for Local Manufactures
  • 2.2 Synthetic Method for Caustic Soda
  • 2.3 The Solvay Process
  • 2.4 Liblance Process
  • 2.5 Chemistry of alkali
  • 2.6 Effect on Soap Manufacture

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Methodology
  • 3.1 Sample Collection
  • 3.2 Field Experimentation
  • 3.3 Areas Expected to Cover in Lab
  • 3.4 Fabrication of Equipment for Extraction
  • 3.5 Ignition of “NGU”
  • 3.6 Extraction Procedure
  • 3.7 Crystallization and Re-crystallization Process, Using Distillation Apparatus
  • 3.8 Determination of the PH Sample
  • 3.9 Physical Examination and Tests
  • 3.10 Determination of Caustic Strength of Solution
  • 3.11 Extraction of Caustic Different Digestion Time

CHAPTER FOUR

  • 4.0 Presentation of Results
  • 4.1 Presentation of Results for Extraction Styles of Caustic From Ash and Preliminary Test on Sample
  • 4.2 Titration Reading for the Determination of Caustic Strength of Sample
  • 4.3 How to Prepare 0.2ml HCL
  • 4.4 Result of Preliminary Test and Titration
  • 4.5 Qualitative Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

  • 5.0 Discussion of Results and Conclusion
  • 5.1 Ashing of Wood
  • 5.2 Extraction of Caustic from Ash
  • 5.3 Determination of PH and Caustic Strength of the Caustic Solution
  • 5.4 Qualitative Analysis
  • 5.5 Conclusion
  • 5.6 Recommendations
  • 5.7 Summary

REFERENCES


ABSTRACT

Preparation of Local Soap involves the se of wood ash from the flowering plant of Daniello, Oliveri (Agba) Isoberllima doka (Achi), Parkia Clappertonwna (Ugba) and Eleasis guineensis (Nkwu) as the source for the caustic alkali were compared for performance. The woody tissue of the local trees were burnt at the temperature of 250 ” 700oc for a period of 3½ — 4 hrs. But the optimum temperature for maximum extraction of the alkali from the ash is 600oC for a period of 45 ” 1hr 30 min. Caustic alkali free from impurities was obtained by leaching the ash with water in a special fabricated filtrations apparatus. And this by hot process by which the filtrate was decanted to another container and filtered through a filter paper placed inside the funnel for filtrations and the presence of Alkali was tasted by the action on litmus paper. Change of damp red litmus paper to blue.

Recall that soap is manufactured by the alkaline hydrolysis reaction called saponification, which is the reaction of fats and oils with alkali.

C3H5 (COOR)3 + 3kcoH 3kOOCR + C3H5(OH)

FatAlkali Soap Glycerine

So, according to the results, the filtrate obtained were found to be very daliguisenat. And the result of the influence of the alogestion on the PH showed that the longer the ash remained in water, the lighter the pH. So the result of soap produced was found to be free from impurities and has the ability to foam well and the soap produced was found to be market worthy and consumer oriented.


Preparation of Soap Using Local Raw Materials

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

… As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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