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Preparation of Soap Using Local Raw Materials
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Preparation of Soap Using Local Raw Materials

This page presents an excerpt of the research material, providing a comprehensive overview of the study. It includes the Preliminary Pages, Table of Contents, Abstract, Chapters One to Five, and References, making it accessible and informative for students, researchers, and other readers interested in the topic of this study. Acknowledgement is also included, expressing gratitude to the individuals, institutions, and resources that contributed to the successful completion of the research, with materials and information sourced from the online platform sparklyn.com.ng, which provided valuable academic support.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

  • Title page
  • Approval page
  • Dedication
  • Acknowledgement
  • Table of Contents
  • Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.0 Introduction
  • 1.1 Background
  • 1.2 Definition
  • 1.3 types of Soap
  • 1.4 Aim and Objectives
  • 1.5 Statements of Problems
  • 1.6 Hypothesis
  • 1.7 Significance
  • 1.8 Limitation of this Study

CHAPTER TWO

  • 2.0 Literature Review
  • 2.1 Sources of Wood Ash for Local Manufactures
  • 2.2 Synthetic Method for Caustic Soda
  • 2.3 The Solvay Process
  • 2.4 Liblance Process
  • 2.5 Chemistry of alkali
  • 2.6 Effect on Soap Manufacture

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Methodology
  • 3.1 Sample Collection
  • 3.2 Field Experimentation
  • 3.3 Areas Expected to Cover in Lab
  • 3.4 Fabrication of Equipment for Extraction
  • 3.5 Ignition of “NGU”
  • 3.6 Extraction Procedure
  • 3.7 Crystallization and Re-crystallization Process, Using Distillation Apparatus
  • 3.8 Determination of the PH Sample
  • 3.9 Physical Examination and Tests
  • 3.10 Determination of Caustic Strength of Solution
  • 3.11 Extraction of Caustic Different Digestion Time

CHAPTER FOUR

  • 4.0 Presentation of Results
  • 4.1 Presentation of Results for Extraction Styles of Caustic From Ash and Preliminary Test on Sample
  • 4.2 Titration Reading for the Determination of Caustic Strength of Sample
  • 4.3 How to Prepare 0.2ml HCL
  • 4.4 Result of Preliminary Test and Titration
  • 4.5 Qualitative Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

  • 5.0 Discussion of Results and Conclusion
  • 5.1 Ashing of Wood
  • 5.2 Extraction of Caustic from Ash
  • 5.3 Determination of PH and Caustic Strength of the Caustic Solution
  • 5.4 Qualitative Analysis
  • 5.5 Conclusion
  • 5.6 Recommendations
  • 5.7 Summary

REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

Preparation of Local Soap involves the se of wood ash from the flowering plant of Daniello, Oliveri (Agba) Isoberllima doka (Achi), Parkia Clappertonwna (Ugba) and Eleasis guineensis (Nkwu) as the source for the caustic alkali were compared for performance. The woody tissue of the local trees were burnt at the temperature of 250 ” 700oc for a period of 3½ — 4 hrs. But the optimum temperature for maximum extraction of the alkali from the ash is 600oC for a period of 45 ” 1hr 30 min. Caustic alkali free from impurities was obtained by leaching the ash with water in a special fabricated filtrations apparatus. And this by hot process by which the filtrate was decanted to another container and filtered through a filter paper placed inside the funnel for filtrations and the presence of Alkali was tasted by the action on litmus paper. Change of damp red litmus paper to blue.

Recall that soap is manufactured by the alkaline hydrolysis reaction called saponification, which is the reaction of fats and oils with alkali.

C3H5 (COOR)3 + 3kcoH 3kOOCR + C3H5(OH)

FatAlkali Soap Glycerine

So, according to the results, the filtrate obtained were found to be very daliguisenat. And the result of the influence of the alogestion on the PH showed that the longer the ash remained in water, the lighter the pH. So the result of soap produced was found to be free from impurities and has the ability to foam well and the soap produced was found to be market worthy and consumer oriented.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

In this section, Preparation of Soap Using Local Raw Materials is discussed, with relevant and recent citations. As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the aim and objectives of the study. Others are significance of the study, scope of work, research hypothesis and questions, limitation of the study and definition of terms.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review presents current knowledge, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions, related to Preparation of Soap Using Local Raw Materials. It documents the state of the art on the subject under study and provides a comprehensive survey of existing literature. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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