1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen causing Urinary Tract Infections (UTI). Data from the current National Surveillance program in Denmark (DANMAP) may not accurately represent the prevalence of resistant E. coli in primary care, because only urine samples from complicated cases may be forwarded to the microbiological departments at hospitals for diagnostic examination. In clinical laboratory, urine analysis is the third major diagnostic screening test. In urinalysis we generally detect and analyse the various byproducts that are eliminated through urine as a result of normal as well abnormal metabolism that is taking place in an individual. Routine urinalysis is very useful for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (Matthai et al., 1995).
Urine analysis is one of the most feasible and easy screening method. Urine analysis requires limited time and expertise (Mambatta et al., 2015). Kidneys function in excretion of toxic substances and metabolic byproducts out of the blood, regulate the water quantity and blood pressure in the body, maintain acid-base equilibrium, detoxify drugs, metabolize hormones, retain the proteins, electrolytes and other compounds in adequate quantity (Gattone, 2007).
The colour of urine has been considered to be one of the most vital tools for assessment of hydration (Kavouras et al., 2016). Normally, the colour of fresh urine ranges from pale to dark yellow and it is clear in appearance. Normally the volume of urine ranges from 750 to 2000 ml/24hrs. Urinalysis is used as a diagnostic tool for a wide range of disorders. There might be severe renal diseases without the presence of symptoms (Hajar et al., 2011). By analysing the various constituents of the urine, the concentration, colour and volume we can diagnosis a variety of disease which include diabetes, urinary tract infection and other kidney diseases as well. The abnormal concentration of constituents found in urine include: glucose, red blood cells, bacteria, protein, bilirubin, white blood cells and even crystals. In case of urinary tract infection, the clarity of the urine is lost and it looks cloudy instead (Kurts et al., 2013).
Therefore, in FMC Ido, Ekiti State where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant E.Coli from Patients with Suspected Urinary Tract Infection.
1.2 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals that the laboratory tests are being used more as an expensive screening tool for accidental diagnosis or as an aid to confirm provisional clinical diagnosis, still needs conscientious answer by clinician. Urine analysis is the first step to diagnose the chronic kidney disease in asymptomatic subjects. Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem, with increasing prevalence and adverse outcomes, including progressive loss of kidney function, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. Disturbances in mineral metabolism and bone disease are common complications of chronic kidney disease and an important cause of morbidity and decreased quality of life (Iseki et al., 1996).
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to scrutinize the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant E.Coli from Patients with Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in FMC Ido, Ekiti State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To assess the prevalence of resistant E. coli to the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in primary care in a consecutive sample of patients from general practice.
- To identify the presence of unnoticed Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) among apparently healthy patients in FMC Ido, Ekiti State,
- To assess the prevalence of urinary abnormalities in Patients with Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in FMC Ido, Ekiti State
- To provide the report of the urine tract analysis to the Patients which may help for their further health consciousness
1.4 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Is there any significant prevalence of urinary abnormalities in FMC Ido, Ekiti State?
- Does the report of the urine tract analysis to the patients aids further health consciousness?
- What do you understand by Occurrence of Urine tract analysis of patients in FMC Ido, Ekiti State?
- What is the presence of unnoticed UTI among apparently healthy patients in FMC Ido, Ekiti State?
- What is the prevalence of resistant E. coli to the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in primary care in a consecutive sample of patients from general practice?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
- H0: There is no significant impact of urine tract analysis from Patients with Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in FMC Ido, Ekiti State
- H1: There is significant impact of urine analysis from Patients with Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in FMC Ido, Ekiti State
1.6 Significance of Study
This study will be very effective in constructing the future threat of many common diseases. Importantly, there is increasing evidence suggesting that these disorders in mineral and bone metabolism are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular calcification, morbidity, and mortality. This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant E.Coli from Patients with Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in FMC Ido, Ekiti State.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
