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Production and Acceptability Studies of Malted Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) Biscuit

Production and Acceptability Studies of Malted Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) Biscuit

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Production and Acceptability Studies of Malted Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) Biscuit” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Food Science and Technology (FT) for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Production and Acceptability Studies of Malted Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) Biscuit provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.




PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.0 Introduction
  • 1.1 Objectives of the study

CHAPTER TWO

  • 2.0 Literature Review
  • 2.1 Origin of Sorghum
  • 2.2 Sorghum Utilization
  • 2.2.1 Production of Malted Sorghum Flour
  • 2.2.2 Malted of Sorghum
  • 2.2.3 Steeping
  • 2.2.4 Germination
  • 2.2.5 Kilning
  • 2.3 Method of Processing Wheat into Flour for Biscuit Making
  • 2.3.1 Wheat Flour Production
  • 2.3.2 Effects of Processing of Nutritional Value of wheat Flour
  • 2.3.3 Functional Processing of Nutritional Value of Wheat Flour
  • 2.4.0 Ginger
  • 2.4.1 The History of Ginger
  • 2.4.2 Ginger Cultivation
  • 2.4.3 Spices and Other Oils
  • 2.4.4 Ginger Processing
  • 2.4.5 Uses of Ginger
  • 2.4.6 Nutritional Composition
  • 2.5.0 Biscuit
  • 2.5.1 Definition of Biscuit
  • 2.5.2 Classification of Biscuits
  • 2.5.3 Hard Dough Biscuits
  • 2.5.4 Lean Hard Dough Biscuits
  • 2.5.5 Medium Hard Dough Biscuits
  • 2.5.6 Puff Hard Biscuits
  • 2.5.7 Lean Batter Biscuits
  • 2.5.8 Highly Enriched Biscuits
  • 2.5.9 Proximate Composition of Biscuits

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Materials and Method
  • 3.1 Sources of Raw Materials
  • 3.2 Raw Materials for Baking
  • 3.3 Equipment
  • 3.4 Chemicals
  • 3.5 Method for Processing Malted Sorghum
  • 3.6 Biscuit Production
  • 3.6.1 Proximate Analysis of the Prepared Biscuits
  • 3.6.2 Protein Determination
  • 3.6.3 Fat Determination
  • 3.6.4 Moisture Determination
  • 3.6.5 Total Ash Determination
  • 3.6.6 Carbohydrate Determination
  • 3.6.7 Sensory Evaluation of Prepared Samples

CHAPTER FOUR

  • 4.0 Results and Discussions
  • 4.1 Proximate Composition of the Test Biscuits
  • 4.2 Sensory Evaluation
  • 4.3 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Conclusion and Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX



Production and Acceptability Studies of Malted Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) Biscuit


1.0 Introduction

Biscuit may be defined as a thin flat baked product made from flour, salt, sweetening agent fat and preservatives. They are crisps, unleavened and sometimes sweet pastry produced light by the addition — F baking powder or soda, sometimes with chocolate or fruit in put (Achukoh; 1992). Biscuit can also be defined as a baked product having not less than 8% of flour content calculated (Hannemah, 1981). Okaka, 1997 stated that biscuits are termed “cookies” in USA but the Word biscuit means a small cake like bun.

According to Terrell, 1981 there are basically some ingredients that are used for biscuit production such as sugar, salt, milk, shortening flavour leavening. Egg improves the volume of biscuit as well as the taste and flavour. Egg and butter are also used for variety, these improves the quality of the products.

Wheat flour is a critical and principal raw material in biscuit production its. Superiority over other cereals is due to the presence of gluten which inherently impacts all the essential qualities to their products. The absence of this simple protein in non-wheat flour makes them unsuitable as substitutes for wheat flour. Unfortunately, wheat is a temperature crop, there fore, our tropical climate does not favour its cultivation. Flour which has high gluten content are classified as a strong hard flour, and therefore produces a strong dough and thus a strong biscuit is produced (Richtea), while flour with small gluten content produces a soft I weak biscuit (Digestive) Aerating chemicals, syrups and water were further added as one of the basis ingredients for biscuit making (Achukoh; 1992). The production of biscuits involves weighing, mixing, dough formation, kneading and rolling out, machining and shaping, prickling Bakino, cooling and packaging (Okaka, 1997).

The malting potentials of sorghum grains can be utilized to produce soft dough biscuit. Germinated sorghum grains, develop alpha — amylase, carboxy peptidase, endo — beta — 1, 3 — glucanase, pentosanase, limit dextrinase and endo — protease in the grain during malting. Malting involves essentially steeping, germination and limiting cereals, seedling growth by kilning. During germination enzymes are produced for the degradation of starch and protein in the cereal grain. Malting yields higher proportions of hydrolytic enzymes such as X and B — amylases which may be either completely soluble or largely insoluble depending on the variety.

Malted sorghum and wheat flour are used in order to check the baking potential of biscuit, malts produce from sweet sorghum and related variety usually contain insoluble amylase. The insoluble substances that make aqueous extraction impossible (Amori, 1 9 8 7) — Glucosidase in sorghum malt is also highly insoluble malt solid (Barry, and Dorota 1988).

Malting causes a decrease in the density of caryposis in sorghum grain (Isola, 1992). Lower the amount of lysine from 0.25% in unmalted sorghum to 0.18% in sorghum malt (Ilori, 1989) and reduces the milling energy (Swanstoo et al, 1994).

Time and temperature of storage influence the percentage soluble amylase in sorghum grain. For example, sorghum grain stored at 12t 23oc temperature for 2 to 3 years give higher levels of soluble amylase (between 57 — 73%) while nearly harvested grain give about 25%. Lowering the temperature to 7oc reduces the level of soluble amylase in the level of soluble amylase in the grains to about 37% after 3 years (Novellie et al, 1973).

1.1 Aims and Objectives of the Study

To evaluate the acceptability of the biscuit made from malted sorghum and wheat flour blend and to reduce cost of production manufacturers, so as to break even and make gain.

Malted sorghum flour has blended with wheat flour in the preparation of some confectioneries will go a long way in reducing he country's heavy reliance on imported wheat and conserve the Nation Foreign Exchange.


CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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