Refining of Vegetable Oil with Enugu Coal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Chemical Engineering, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Refining of Vegetable Oil with Enugu Coal” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Scope / Objective of Project

CHAPTER TWO:

Literature Review
2.0 History of Palm Oil
2.1 Processing of Palm Oil
2.2 Chemical Composition of Palm Oil
2.2.1 Carotenes
2.2.2 Fatty Acids
2.2.3 Phospholipids (Phosphatides)
2.2.4 Gums
2.3 Characteristics of Palm Oil
2.3.1 Spoilage Factors of Palm Oil
2.3.2 Preve4Nrtive Measures
2.4 Refining of Crude Palm Oil
2.4.1 Degumming
2.4.2 Neutralisation
2.4.3 Bleaching
2.4.4 Bleachability of Palm Oil
2.4.5 Chemical Bleaching
2.4.6 Aeration Bleachying
2.4.7 Bleaching By Adsorption
2.5.0 Adsorption
2.5.1 Types of Adsorption
2.52 Appli8Cation of Adsorption Process
2.53 Nature of Adsorbent
2.5.4 Structure of Adsorbent
2.5.5 Adsorption Equipment
2.6 Coal As An Adsorbent
2.6.1 Mechanism of Coal Formation
2.7 Types of Coal and Its Properties
2.7.1 Coal Rank and Classification By Rank
2.7.2 Classification of Coal
2.7.3 Properties of Coal Commonly Used In Classification
2.7.4 Physical Properties Oft Coal
2.7.5 Caking Andr Coking Properties
2.76 Calorific Value
2.77 Activated Carbon
2.78 Chemical Properties of Coal
2.79 Coal Carbonization
2.80 Adsorption Parameters of Activated Carbon

CHAPTER THREE:

Experimental Procedure
3.10 Material Treatement
3.11 Carbonization of Coal
3.12 Coal Activated
3.13 Percentage Appearent Poposity of Activated Cola
3.14 Treatment of Palm Oil
3.15 Bleaching Operattion
3.16 Effect of Temperature On Bleaching
3.17 Effect of Particle Swize On Bleaching
3.18 Experimental Analysis of Bleaching Oil
Test For Specific Gravity Test For Acid Value
Test For Saponification Value
Test For Iodine Value

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Experimental Result
4.1 Effect of Temperature On Bleaching
Specific Gravity Value
Acid Value
Saponification Value
Iodine Value

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion / Recommendation

REFERENCES

Defense Procedure for Chemical Engineering Researchers

Be Intentional About Your Research Preparation in Context – As a student of Chemical Engineering defending a project or seminar on Refining of Vegetable Oil with Enugu Coal, you are expected to be thoroughly acquainted with your research. The defense process follows a structured format where you present your work, respond to questions, and demonstrate its relevance. Here’s a general guide to the defense procedure:

Introduction: Begin with a concise introduction of your research topic, highlighting its significance and the research objectives. This helps set the context for the audience and the External Examiner, allowing them to grasp the scope of your work. Before you step up to defend, ensure that you are familiar with your research abstract and the key components of Chapter One, including the motivation behind your study, the problem statement, the aims and objectives, as well as the scope and significance. For Chapter Two, it is advisable to reference at least two citations from the literature review. In Chapter Three, be prepared to discuss the methodologies, tools, and techniques you employed in your research. Moving to Chapter Four, you must justify your work and explain how your findings align with the objectives of your research.

Conclusion and Recommendations: Wrap up your defense by summarizing the study and offering well-grounded recommendations based on your findings.

Dress Code: Professional attire is an essential component of your final-year research defense. Wearing a suit and tie, for example, can create a positive impression and boost your overall presentation without you having to say a word.

Question and Answer Session: The External Examiner will ask questions based on your research. If you encounter a difficult or unrelated question, respond respectfully with, "Sorry, Sir/Madam, the question asked is beyond the scope of my study". Whenever possible, answer questions by referring directly to your research findings.

Refining of Vegetable Oil with Enugu Coal

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT