Studies on the CoInfectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria

Studies on the Co-Infectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-6778-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “Studies on the Co-Infectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Microbiology, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Studies on the Co-Infectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

    CHAPTER TWO

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 2.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER THREE

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • 3.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER FOUR

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Results
    • ⋮
    • 4.3 Discussion of Findings

    CHAPTER FIVE

    SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Summary
    • 5.3 Conclusion
    • 5.4 Recommendation

    REFERENCES

    ABSTRACT

    The increasing global incidence of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has been attributed to immunosuppresion due to the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. The paucity of information on the contribution of NTM to mycobacterial infections in Africa including Nigeria has however been closely associated with limited laboratory culture for its isolation and identification. This study investigated the co-infectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria in Nsukka L.G.A. Two hundred cases (100 HIV negative: 56 males and 44 females and 100 HIV positive- 39 males and 61 females), between the ages of 15 and 71 years with mean age of 37.5 years participated in the research.

    HIV antibodies were screened using two HIV test kits: the Determine (Abbot Co Ltd, Japan) for preliminary test and the Gold (Unigold) which was used to check for consistency. CD4+ count was carried out using the cytometry (CyFlow®) , while acid fast bacilli (AFB) were identified by the Ziehl-Neelson staining technique. AFB positive samples were subjected to nested PCR for species identification. T-test was employed to check for statistical significance between the mean prevalence in test and control groups and CD4 count of HIV single infection and co infection with TB. Chi square correlation was also employed to check for relationship between the demographic characteristics and the distribution of the disease.

    Studies on the Co-Infectivity of HIV and Atypical Mycobacteria

    CHAPTER ONE

    Introduction

    Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects lungs causing pulmonary tuberculosis but can also affect meninges, intestine, bones, lymph nodes, skin and other tissues of the body. Worldwide, tuberculosis causes 2.9 million deaths annually (WHO, 1998). An estimated two billion persons are currently infected with Mycobacteriumtuberculosis and other Mycobacterium species. The rates of increase are even greater in developing countries, primarily because of increased immigration of people from regions of high endemicity, declining socio-economic conditions in densely populated cities and the increasing number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals (Szabo, 1990). The total number of tuberculosis cases in the world is increasing and the HIV epidemic is implicated for this increased incidence and an estimated three million persons with tuberculosis worldwide also have AIDS. Over 125 Mycobacterium species have been characterized and identified (Griffith et al, 2007).

    …

    CHAPTER TWO

    2.0 Literature Review

    2.1 Introduction

    This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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