The Determination of the Activities and Specificity of Enzymes in Fermentation of Starch From Maize

The Determination of the Activities and Specificity of Enzymes in Fermentation of Starch From Maize

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-23279-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “The Determination of the Activities and Specificity of Enzymes in Fermentation of Starch From Maize” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Microbiology, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “The Determination of the Activities and Specificity of Enzymes in Fermentation of Starch From Maize” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

    CHAPTER TWO

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 2.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER THREE

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • 3.1 Introduction
    • ⋮

    CHAPTER FOUR

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Results
    • ⋮
    • 4.3 Discussion of Findings

    CHAPTER FIVE

    SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Summary
    • 5.3 Conclusion
    • 5.4 Recommendation

    REFERENCES

    ABSTRACT

    The study was carried out to determine the Activities and Specificity of Enzymes in Fermentation of Starch from Maize. The Anatomy of this research work encompasses the ordinary look of enzymes as organic molecules, rather it sheds more light into the comprehensive view and determination of the catalytic and specific activity enzymes particularly - DIASTASE, MALTASE and ZYMASE can exploit in industrial application, also critically important is the selective ways of providing fundamental data which allows the society-particularly small-scale brewers to understand and exploit the chemistry of fermentation by enzymes. The method employed in this project involves three processes namely: the preparation of the enzymes by fermentation, preparation of the starch substrate from maize and the overall process development involving both the products of the 1st and 2nd processes. The results of the method and procedures employed in this project are. That enzyme activity in biochemical processes involves catalysis through binding of the enzyme molecule and the substrates. Finally, all enzymes in fermentation of starch whose catalytic properties rely on their molecular structure and arrangement are stabilized by interactions between their constituents. This is conclusively evident in the chemistry of the fermentation process in starch which is later discussed and highlighted in this research work.

    The Determination of the Activities and Specificity of Enzymes in Fermentation of Starch From Maize

    CHAPTER ONE

    1.1 Introduction

    Enzymes are biological catalysts (also known as biocatalysts) that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms. They are essential components of animals, plants and microorganisms, due to the fact that they catalyze and co-ordinate the complex reactions of cellular metabolism. They can also be extracted from cells and then used to catalyze a wide range of commercially important processes. For example, they have important roles in the production of sweetening agents and the modification of antibiotics, they are used in washing powders and various cleaning products, and they play a key role in analytical devices and assays that have clinical, forensic and environmental applications.

    As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.

    1.2 Background of Study

    Enzymes are the complex protein molecules, often called biocatalysts, which are produced by living cells. They are highly specific both in the reactions that they catalyze and in their choice of reactants, which are known as substrates. One of the most common advantages of enzymes is their ability to function continuously even after their removal or separation from the cells. The word ‘enzyme' was first used by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne in 1878, when he was describing the ability of yeast to produce alcohol from sugars, and it is derived from the Greek words en (meaning ‘within') and zume (meaning ‘yeast').

    The primary aim of this project is center on the determination of the catalytic and specific activities of enzymes in fermentation of starch from maize. These enzymes are DIATASE, MALTASE and ZYMASE. This determination study is made possible through certain unique properties which these collections of enzymes possess.

    Speaking in concrete terms, ENZYMES serve as bio-catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions, like those involved with fermentation of starch. Enzyme molecules accelerate the rate of reactions, often by many orders of magnitude, thereby allowing the substance involved undergo a chemical breakdown.

    Enzymes in fermentation of starch go about their work in an ASSEMBLY-LINE fashion; each enzyme performing a specific task at a particular stage of the fermentation process. For instance, the enzyme-MALTASE, breaks down MALTASE into two isomeric fermentable sugars namely Glucose and Fructose; thereby preparing another stage for another enzyme to act during the fermentation process. Enzymes in fermentation process especially in starch; perform their work at blinding speed.

    A single molecule of enzyme can catalyze thousands of chemical reactions per second. This is because enzymes in fermentation reaction particularly in starch; have a marked ability to accelerate the reaction and also to promote the specific processes involved under the chemically mild conditions which prevails in the fermentation process.

    In all ways, these enzymes readily make essentials physiochemical contributions to the fermentation process by virtue of their organized and involved three dimensional structure which reveals certain regions on the enzyme surface where small solute molecules or ions can bind reversibly. Such solutes are called LIGANDS; a farm borrowed from Organometalic Chemistry.

    There may be many ligard binding sites on the surface of an enzyme, but each site usually possesses the power to bind only a limited range of ligards, by virtue of the character of the site. The term “CHARACTER” is there used to cover not only the three-dimensional shape of the site but also its charge characteristics and to what degree if is hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

    The character of a binding site is clearly a function of the amino acid side chains that are brought together there by the folding of the polypeptide chain. Enzymes are distinguished from other protein molecules by having ACTIVE SITES. The substrate binds at the active site of its enzyme in much the same way as other ligards might do, but once bound there, a chemical reaction ensues because of the special nature of the enzyme active site in respect to their catalysis and specificity in fermentation bioprocess.

    Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Determination of the Activities and Specificity of Enzymes in Fermentation of Starch from Maize.

    1.3 Statement of Problems

    Investigation revealed that the cost of the enzymes and the inability of small scale brewers to understand and exploit the chemistry of fermentation by enzymic action. Demand grew and as fermentation technology developed, the competitive cost of microbial enzymes was recognized and they became more widely used. Compared with enzymes from plant and animal sources, microbial enzymes have economic, technical and ethical advantages.

    1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

    The aim of the study is to determine the Activities and Specificity of Enzymes in Fermentation of Starch from Maize. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

    1. To prepare the enzymes through the microbial fermentation of malt/sermination barley extracts in a culture media and a seed fomenter.
    2. To show the chemistry of fermentation process in starch by enzymic conversion.
    3. To show the relevance and usefulness of enzymes in industrial fermentation.

    1.5 Significance of Study

    The importance of the work is centered on the catalytic and specific activities of enzymes in fermentation of starch for industrial usage. This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

    1.6 Scope of Study

    The scope of the research is focused on the determination of the activities and specificity of enzymes in fermentation of starch from maize.

    1.7 Limitations of the Study

    During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

    1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
    2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
    3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
    4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
    …

    CHAPTER TWO

    2.0 Literature Review

    2.1 Introduction

    This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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