1.1 Introduction
Health Information Management (HIM) refers to the practice of acquiring, analyzing, and protecting digital and traditional medical information vital to providing quality patient care. Health information management professionals manage health data and information systems to ensure the accuracy, privacy, and accessibility of patient records (American Health Information Management Association, 2022). The integration of health information management into health care delivery systems has become a cornerstone of modern health care practices, significantly enhancing the efficiency, quality, and safety of patient care. As health care continues to evolve towards more data-driven approaches, health information management has emerged as a critical component in managing and utilizing health information to improve outcomes and streamline processes (Hersh, 2020).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The history of health information management and its impact on health care delivery reflects a dynamic evolution from rudimentary paper-based systems to sophisticated digital technologies that shape modern health care practices. Understanding this historical progression provides insight into how health information management has transformed the delivery and quality of health care over time.
In the early 20th century, health information management was predominantly manual, involving handwritten medical records and ledger books. The focus was on maintaining comprehensive and accurate records for individual patients, which often led to challenges in data retrieval and coordination among different health care providers (Cohen & Mello, 2016). The lack of standardized practices and technology resulted in inefficiencies and difficulties in managing large volumes of patient data.
The advent of computerized systems in the latter half of the 20th century marked a significant milestone in health information management. The development of the first electronic health records (EHRs) in the 1960s and 1970s laid the foundation for more efficient data management. Early EHR systems were primarily focused on improving the accuracy and accessibility of patient records, albeit with limited functionality and interoperability (Buntin et al., 2011). These early systems demonstrated the potential of technology to enhance the organization and retrieval of health information, setting the stage for future advancements.
The 1990s and early 2000s saw substantial progress in health information technology, driven by the introduction of more advanced EHR systems and the push for standardized health information exchange (HIE). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 played a pivotal role by setting standards for data privacy and security, thus fostering greater trust in electronic health information systems (Buntin et al., 2011). During this period, the emphasis shifted towards improving the interoperability of health information systems, enabling more seamless sharing of patient data across different health care settings.
The 21st century has witnessed the rapid expansion of health information technologies, including the widespread adoption of EHRs, HIEs, and telemedicine platforms. The introduction of meaningful use criteria by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 significantly accelerated the adoption of EHRs by providing financial incentives for their implementation (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, 2015). This era also saw the integration of new technologies such as mobile health and telemedicine, further enhancing the ways in which health care is delivered and managed (Kvedar et al., 2014).
Historically, the management of health information has evolved from paper-based record-keeping to sophisticated electronic systems. The adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) marked a significant shift, offering a more streamlined and accessible means of managing patient data. EHRs facilitate real-time access to patient information, improve the accuracy of medical records, and enhance the coordination of care among different health care providers (Adler-Milstein, 2017). This evolution reflects a broader trend towards the digitalization of health care, which has been driven by the need for more efficient, accurate, and patient-centered care (Goldstein et al., 2020).
Health information exchanges (HIEs) further extend the benefits of health information management by enabling the sharing of patient data across different health care organizations. HIEs help in reducing redundancies, minimizing errors, and improving continuity of care by providing a comprehensive view of patient health information (Vest & Gamm, 2010). This integration is particularly crucial for managing chronic conditions, coordinating care, and improving overall patient outcomes (Kellermann & Jones, 2013). Despite these advancements, the implementation and optimization of health information management systems face several challenges. Issues related to data privacy and security, interoperability among different systems, and the need for extensive training and support for users can impede the effective use of health information management technologies (Kellermann & Jones, 2013).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the impact of health information management on health care delivery in Makurdi, Benue State.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the integration of health information management systems into health care delivery presents several challenges that impact the effectiveness of these technologies in improving patient care and operational efficiency. One of the primary problems is the issue of interoperability among different health information systems. Despite advancements in technology, many systems still lack the ability to seamlessly exchange data, leading to fragmented patient records and inefficiencies in care coordination (Vest & Gamm, 2010). This fragmentation can result in incomplete information being available to health care providers, which potentially compromises patient safety and the quality of care.
Another significant challenge is related to data privacy and security. As health care organizations increasingly rely on electronic health records (EHRs) and other digital tools, ensuring the protection of sensitive patient information becomes critical. Data breaches and cyber attacks pose substantial risks, and maintaining compliance with regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires continuous vigilance and investment in robust security measures (Kellermann & Jones, 2013). Failures in safeguarding data can lead to legal consequences and loss of patient trust.
Additionally, the financial implications of adopting and maintaining health information management technologies can be substantial. The costs associated with purchasing, implementing, and updating these systems can be prohibitive, particularly for smaller health care organizations (Goldstein et al., 2020). Balancing these financial constraints with the need to invest in advanced technologies is a persistent challenge for many health care providers.
Finally, the rapid pace of technological change presents a problem in terms of keeping systems up-to-date. Health information technologies evolve quickly, and ensuring that systems remain current and capable of meeting new demands can be a daunting task (Hersh, 2020). This ongoing need for upgrades and integration of emerging technologies requires continual investment and adaptation. It is against the backdrop that this study seeks to address these problems by evaluating the impact of health information management on health care delivery.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of health information management on health care delivery in Makurdi, Benue State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the role of health information management in enhancing the accuracy and accessibility of patient records;
- To assess the effectiveness of health information management systems in improving patient care in the study area;
- To identify the challenges faced by health care facilities in implementing health information management systems;
- To evaluate the influence of health information management on decision-making processes in health care delivery; and
- To explore the impact of health information management on the efficiency and quality of health care services in the area under study.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Are there challenges faced by health care facilities in implementing health information management systems?
- Does health information management influence decision-making processes in health care delivery?
- How effective is health information management system in improving patient care in the study area?
- What is the role of health information management in enhancing the accuracy and accessibility of patient records?
- How does health information management impact the efficiency and quality of health care services in the area under study?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: The implementation of electronic health records does not significantly improve the quality of patient care and clinical decision-making.
- H1: The implementation of electronic health records significantly improves the quality of patient care and clinical decision-making.
Hypothesis Two
- H0: Emerging technologies and innovations in health information management will not have a positive impact on the future delivery of health care services.
- H1: Emerging technologies and innovations in health information management will have a positive impact on the future delivery of health care services.
1.7 Significance of Study
The findings of this research will provide health care organizations with evidence-based knowledge that will help them optimize the use of health information management systems, ultimately improving the quality of care they deliver. The study will also highlight the importance of addressing barriers such as data security, interoperability issues, and user resistance, thereby offering actionable recommendations for overcoming these challenges.
Additionally, the insights gained from the findings of this research study will inform policymakers and stakeholders about the potential impact of emerging technologies on health care delivery. The recommendations will contribute to the development of policies and practices that will advance the integration of innovative health information management solutions, ensuring that health care systems remain adaptive and responsive to future needs.
Finally, the findings of this research study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the impact of health information management on health care delivery in Makurdi, Benue State.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
- Initial Cooperation Delay from Respondents: A particular limitation of this work came as a result of the respondent refusal to offer their cooperation at the initial time they were contacted. This contributed in making the success of this research study difficult.
1.10 Definition of Terms
Health Information Management:
Health Information Management refers to the practice of acquiring, analyzing, and protecting digital and traditional medical information vital to providing quality patient care. health information management professionals manage health data and information systems to ensure the accuracy, privacy, and accessibility of patient records (American Health Information Management Association, 2022).
Electronic Health Records (EHRs):
Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are digital versions of patients' paper charts that include comprehensive patient information such as medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, and test results. EHRs facilitate real-time access to patient data, improving the accuracy and coordination of care (Hersh, 2020).
Health Information Exchange (HIE):
Health Information Exchange (HIE) involves the electronic sharing of health-related information among different organizations. HIEs enable health care providers to access and use patient information across various systems and locations, enhancing continuity of care and reducing redundant testing (Vest & Gamm, 2010).
