1.1 Introduction
Physical and Health Education (PHE) is a systematic instruction in sports, training, practice, gymnastics, exercises, and hygiene given as part of a school or college program. Physical and Health Education is the study, practice, and appreciation of the art and science of human movement (Hardman, 2002b). Physical and Health Education is course in the curricula that utilizes the learning in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains in a play or movement exploration setting (Kirui, 2007). In this study, it refers to an instructional program built around basic motor activities, which help achieve the goal of physical, emotional and mental wellbeing for every pupil, student and student-teachers. It includes education in health, hygiene, first aid, personal safety, and the teaching of manipulative skills. It is an integral part of the schooling process.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Physical and Health Education (PHE) is an integral part of education which plays vital role in the overall wellbeing of students (Federal Ministry of Education, 2008). Students’ success in PHE depends largely on the learning process which teaching method is a greater part. According to Anne, (2005), students’ achievement is qualified by measure of students’ academic standing in relation same age bracket. However, students’ achievement in physical and health education in external examination has not been above average. Among different teaching methods, discussion teaching method seems to be most recently advocated for, because of its effectiveness. Discussion teaching method is an instructional strategy that involves teachers and students sharing ideas on a topic. It is a strategy that utilizes the interaction of lecturer-students and among students as the primary means of achieving learning objectives (Eggen et al., 2012).
The teacher is considered to be the major and first instrument in education. School relies upon teacher in preparing generations of students and in facing problems that hinder their ability to perform duties represented in student progress and leveraging their level. There is no doubt that Physical and Health Education course carries a primary significance among the entire student body with all their differences, status and experience. Thus, teacher is the corner stone in learning and teaching, and the most important factor in education process. This requires the availability of an effective teacher who seeks to be competent and influential. His desire stems from professional commitment to provide the best education possible to his student in one hand, and to his need in facing regulatory process and situations of management in learning environment, on the other hand.
Tal, et al (1993) and Kurdi (1986) cited by Abedalbasit, (2013) points out that revealing the importance magnitude of Physical and Health Education is the school's responsibility. This can be achieved through providing sufficient opportunities to sports practicing, achieving physical fitness, adopt health information and habits, and safe attitudes in order to enable a Physical and Health Education program that helps in stabilizing their emotions and assure themselves through several activities.
The method of teaching and learning avails students the opportunity to freely interact with the teacher for clearer understanding of activities and lessons. In this method of teaching, students learn to use their voice, listen carefully and respectfully to the voice of other students (Resnick et al., 2010) and as well as enhance learning in general, where such learning is associated with both the individual student and the class as a whole (Nystrand et al., 2013).
Therefore, in FCT Abuja where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the problems of teaching physical and health education in junior secondary schools.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that with the increase of sedentary activities such as watching television, playing videogames, increased computer technology, automation and reduction of high school Physical and Health Education schedules, young people are most likely to become overweight, and less fit. Based on previous review of literature, it is very understandable that there is a lack of research in Nigeria regarding Physical and Health Education as an important subject in public schools for junior classes especially in Abuja. Lack of good health among Nigeria students in public schools is noticeable because of many reasons such as obesity, lack of self awareness of health fitness and health related issues. Based on this, the study was design to investigate the problems of teaching Physical and Health Education in Nigerian Junior Secondary Schools: An Implication for Future Generation, A Case Study of selected schools in Bwari Area council, FCT, Abuja.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to investigate the Problems of teaching physical and health education in junior secondary schools using some selected schools in bwari area council, FCT Abuja as a case study. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To examine the factors that inhibits the teaching of physical and health education in junior secondary schools.
- To find out if junior secondary school Physical and Health Education teachers are exposed to new technologies.
- To know whether or not Physical and Health Education teachers are aware of the new technologies and whether these new technologies are also available for teaching PHE in junior secondary schools.
- To ascertain the challenges of teaching physical and health education in junior secondary schools.
- To proffer recommendations to these challenges.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Are junior secondary school Physical and Health Education teachers are exposed to new technologies?
- Are Physical and Health Education teachers are aware of the new technologies use in teaching PHE?
- What are the factors that inhibit the teaching of Physical and Health Education in junior secondary schools?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: There are no problems that inhibit the teaching of Physical and Health Education in junior secondary schools.
- H1: There are problems that inhibit the teaching of Physical and Health Education in junior secondary schools.
1.7 Significance of Study
This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.8 Scope of the Study
This study on the problems of teaching physical and health education in Junior Secondary Schools will focus on selected schools in Bwari Area Council of Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition of Terms
Physical Education: Also called physical training (PT) or gym in less progressive settings, is a course in the curriculum which utilizes learning in the cognitive, affective and psycho motor domains in a play or movement exploration setting. It is the instruction in physical exercise and games, especially in schools.
Health Education: is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.
Teacher: A teacher (also called a school teacher) is a person who provides education for students
Student: A student or pupil is a learner, or someone who attends an educational institution.
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