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The Rate of Adsorption of Palm Oil with Bituminous Coal

The Rate of Adsorption of Palm Oil with Bituminous Coal

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “The Rate of Adsorption of Palm Oil with Bituminous Coal” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Chemical Engineering for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on The Rate of Adsorption of Palm Oil with Bituminous Coal provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Objective/Scope of the Project

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature Review
  • 2.0 Origin of Palm Oil
  • 2.1 Processing of Palm Oil
  • 2.2 Properties of Palm Oil
  • 2.3 Physical Properties of Palm Oil
  • 2.3.1 Chemical Properties of Palm Oil
  • 2.4 Chemical Composition and
  • 2.4.1 Components of Palm Oil
  • 2.5 Uses of Palm Oil
  • 2.6 History of Coal
  • 2.7 Coal Formation
  • 2.8 Production of Coal
  • 2.81 Mining
  • 2.82 Preparation of Coal
  • 2.9 Properties of Coal
  • 2.91 Rank and Classification of Coal
  • 2.92 Coal Utilization
  • 2.93 Refining of Crude Palm Oil
  • 2.94 Adsorption

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Experiment Procedure
  • 3.1 The Rate of Adsorption of Palm Oil With Bituminous Coal
  • 3.2 Determination of the Colour Change
  • 3.3 The Effect of Stirring

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Experimental Result

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Discussion
  • Conclusion / Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX


ABSTRACT

This project was carried out using bituminous coal (non activated) and the degree of refining of palm oil at different temperature and time using spectrophotometer. This was carried out to check the effectiveness of bituminous coal sample (bleaching earth) as a bleaching agent for palm oil.

The coal (bituminous coal) was collected in lump forms, it was air-dried to remove any moisture content, size reduced to refining process.

In the refining process, 1000g of palm oil was weighed with weighing balance. It was then degummed with citric acid solution and neutralized with sodium hydroxide (NaoH) solution. During the process of degumming and neutralization, the residues were removed from the palm oil by allowing it to settle down in a separating funnel and opening the tap to allow the residue to run off. 100g of palm oil was measured with measuring cylinder into a conical flask, 10g of coal (bituminous coal) sample was weighed with meter. P163 weigh balance using pert dish. The coal contained in the Petri dish was added into the conical flask with the palm oil and stirred properly for about 10 minutes. Then it was transferred to water bath for the required temperature and time interval.

Later the coal sample was removed and filtered out with the aid of filter paper to obtain a filtrates. The experiment was performed for five temperature ie 1000c, 1500c,2000c, 2500c and 3000c and with time interval of 20 mins, 40mins, 60 mins, 80mins and 100mins. The colour change after bleaching was measured using spectrophotometer at 520 wavelength. It was noticed that as the temperature increases with time. The percentage colour reduction of the palm oil increases it the higher the palm oil becomes. It was noticed that for bituminous coal, the smaller the particle size of the coal, the higher the percentage colour reduction and percentage oil retention.


The Rate of Adsorption of Palm Oil with Bituminous Coal

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

… As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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