1.1 Introduction
Community development refers to the process by which community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. It involves the improvement of the social, economic, and environmental conditions of a community (Phillips & Pittman, 2009). Women play a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of communities worldwide, and Nigeria is no exception. Historically, women in Nigeria have been at the forefront of community initiatives, often working tirelessly to improve the living conditions of their families and neighbors (Aina, 2012). In many Nigerian communities, women are the primary caregivers and educators, instilling values and knowledge in the younger generations. Their involvement in agricultural activities, which is crucial in rural areas, significantly contributes to food security and economic stability (FAO, 2011).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
The role of women in community development has garnered significant attention in recent years due to their profound impact on socio-economic progress and sustainable development. In Nigeria, women constitute a substantial proportion of the population and are integral to the nation's economic and social fabric. Historically, Nigerian women have engaged in various community-oriented activities, from domestic responsibilities to active participation in local markets and agricultural production (Aina, 2012).
In rural areas, women are predominantly involved in agriculture, contributing to both subsistence and commercial farming. They manage households, ensure food security, and often engage in informal trading to supplement family income. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2011), women produce 60-80% of the food in developing countries, highlighting their critical role in ensuring food security. In urban settings, women are increasingly taking on roles in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), showcasing entrepreneurial skills that drive local economies and create employment opportunities (Ogunlela & Mukhtar, 2009).
Post-independence Nigeria saw a renewed focus on women's roles in national development. The Nigerian government and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) began to recognize the importance of women's contributions to community development. in the 1980s and 1990s, there was a surge in women's organizations and movements advocating for gender equality and women's empowerment. The Better Life for Rural Women Programme, initiated by Maryam Babangida in 1987, aimed to improve the living conditions of rural women through various development projects (Tripp, 2003). In contemporary Nigeria, women's roles in community development continue to evolve. Women are increasingly involved in formal education, professional careers, and political leadership. Their participation in community-based organizations and development projects has grown, addressing issues such as healthcare, education, and economic empowerment. The National Gender Policy of 2006 further emphasizes the need for gender equality and the inclusion of women in all aspects of development (Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development, 2006). Despite their contributions, Nigerian women face systemic challenges that hinder their full participation in community development. Gender discrimination, cultural norms, and limited access to education and financial resources are significant barriers. These obstacles not only restrict women's opportunities but also impede overall community development. Studies indicate that when women are empowered and given equal opportunities, the benefits extend beyond individual women to their families and communities, fostering economic growth and social cohesion (World Bank, 2013).
The Nigerian government and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have recognized the importance of women's roles in development and have initiated programs aimed at empowering women. These initiatives focus on improving access to education, healthcare, and financial services, and promoting women's participation in decision-making processes. For example, the National Gender Policy aims to eliminate gender disparities and promote gender equality in all spheres of life (Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development, 2006). Research indicates that empowering women and involving them in community development leads to more sustainable and inclusive growth. Women's unique perspectives and approaches to problem-solving can result in more effective development strategies. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2015), gender equality and women's empowerment are essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the role of women in community development in Nigeria.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the role of women in community development in Nigeria, while significant, is fraught with numerous challenges that hinder their full potential and impact. One of the primary issues is gender discrimination, which permeates various aspects of society, including education, employment, and access to resources. Despite their contributions, women often face systemic barriers that limit their participation in decision-making processes and leadership positions (Oluwafunmilayo, 2014). This exclusion not only undermines their efforts but also deprives communities of diverse perspectives that are crucial for holistic development.
Additionally, economic empowerment is essential for women's participation in community development, yet many women in Nigeria lack access to financial resources and opportunities. Microfinance initiatives and entrepreneurship programs are often limited in reach and scope, failing to address the needs of the most vulnerable women (Ogunlela & Mukhtar, 2009). Without financial independence, women struggle to initiate and sustain development projects that could benefit their communities.
Healthcare access also poses significant challenges. Women in Nigeria face high rates of maternal mortality and limited access to reproductive health services (WHO, 2019). Health issues can severely impact their ability to participate in community activities and lead development efforts. Additionally, the burden of care-giving often falls disproportionately on women, further constraining their time and resources.
Furthermore, access to education is another critical issue. While progress has been made in increasing female enrollment in schools, significant disparities remain, particularly in rural areas. Girls are more likely to drop out of school due to early marriage, pregnancy, and economic pressures (UNICEF, 2020). This educational gap not only limits their personal development but also reduces their capacity to engage in community development activities effectively. Hence, it is against this backdrop that this study aims to examine the role of women in community development in Nigeria.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to explore the role of women in community development in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To identify the socio-cultural, economic, and institutional barriers that hinder women’s full participation in community development activities;
- To assess the effectiveness of existing policies and programs in empowering women and promoting gender equality;
- To analyze the impact of women’s involvement in community development on the socio-economic growth of their communities;
- To examine the various roles and contributions of women in community development across different sectors; and
- To recommend strategies and interventions that can enhance women’s participation and leadership in community development initiatives.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What are the various roles and contributions of women in community development in Nigeria?
- What socio-cultural, economic, and institutional barriers hinder women’s full participation in community development activities?
- How does the involvement of women in community development impact the socio-economic growth of their communities?
- How effective are the existing policies and programs aimed at empowering women and promoting gender equality in Nigeria?
- What strategies and interventions can enhance women’s participation and leadership in community development initiatives?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
This research work comprises the null hypothesis (Ho) and the alternative hypothesis (Hi). The Hi would stand rejected whenever the Hi is proved to be true. The hypotheses are as follows:
Hypothesis One
- H0: There are no factors hindering the role of women in community development in Nigeria.
- H1: There are many factors hindering the role of women in community development in Nigeria.
Hypothesis Two
- H0: There are no fetish and spurious factors militating against women’s role in community development in Umuagwu
- H1: There are fetish and spurious factors militating against women’s role in community development in Umuagwu
Hypothesis Three
- H0: Women in Umuagwu do not engage themselves in development ventures.
- H1: Women in Umuagwu engage themselves in development ventures.
Hypothesis Four
- H0: Orientation of the minds of the people will not be help in solving the problem facing Umuagwu women.
- H1: Orientation of the minds of the people will help in solving the problems of Umuagwu women.
1.7 Significance of Study
There is no research work done solely for its own sake but to also contribute to already existing body of knowledge. This work will contribute to women study and their roles in community development in Nigeria. It will also add to already existing knowledge on the subject matter. The study will also provide insight for other researchers who may wish to carry out further studies on the activities of women.
The findings of this study will help the public and government to change both their attitude and perception against women which hinders development in Nigeria, such things like believing that politics is for men would be history. From the study, government and non-governmental organization (NGO) would learn to give their support to the women in their fight for their rights and freedom.
Women will benefit a lot from the findings of this study in the following ways. The study will point out the major areas women suffer neglect; like economically, socially politically, health wise, etc. The research findings will teach, the women organizations to continue in their struggle to overcome discriminations against women in terms of employment and job promotion and other aspects of fundamental human rights.
Again, the study will make the society to stop thinking that a part is better than the whole and equally, to stop neglecting their human resources (women) and accordingly, try to include woman in every activity. The study will also bring to focus, the real issues involved in the role of women in community development in Nigeria. This will make the society to work towards eradicating the obstacles that have stood in the ways of women’s role in Nigeria and Umuagwu in particular.
The society will benefit a lot from the findings because the important roles of woman towards community development would be made very obvious.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the role of women in community development in Nigeria using Umuagwo in Ohaji/Egbema Local Government Area (LGA) of Imo State as a case study. This study will primarily focus on the relationship between women participation in development activities and development itself.
It will cover areas like the factors militating against the efficacy of the role of women in community development and possible solutions as well, but will not pay much attention to the society at large as it affects women and development but will concentrate on Umuagwu Women in Ejemekwuru.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
Data collection owing to the fact that this research work adopted the interview method as the instrument of data collection was one of the limitations of the study. Naturally, the interview method of data collection has always encountered problems due to the fact that some people may be suspicious of interview and their motives, thus distortion of information (either as a result of honest misunderstanding or as a result of purposeful misinterpretation) is a real possibility.
Secondly, the nonchalance of some women towards development issues was also a problem in the course of carrying out this research.
Time was also a limitation to the study as there were several other issues to attend to.
Also, lack of fund and sponsorship which nearly discouraged the researcher was a limitation to a great extent.
1.10 Operational Definition of Terms
Community Development:
Community development is a process through which local communities are empowered to improve their social, economic, and environmental conditions. It encompasses activities and programs aimed at enhancing the quality of life, fostering community participation, and addressing local needs (Edwards & Gaventa, 2001).
Effectiveness:
In the context of local government administration, effectiveness refers to the degree to which local governments achieve their intended outcomes and objectives in community development projects. It measures how well local governance structures and processes contribute to positive developmental impacts (Rogers & Hall, 2003).
