1.1 Introduction
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) a condition that slowly destroys the body Immune system and makes the body vulnerable to infections. The virus is typically called Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because it destroys the Immune system of the individual which is responsible for protecting the individual from disease. The immunodeficiency associated with, HIV infection can be enormous, and it is the major cause of death, due to the disfucntion of immune system. The problem with AIDS is , sits neurological dementia complex. HIV is a lentivirus, a subgroup of retrovirus. The family of virus is known for lafency, persistent viremia, infection of the nervous system and weak hot immune system. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is small ultra-microscopic organism that infect living things and uses them to make copies of itself when one’s Immune system is damaged by HIV, AIDS take place (Gallants, 1999).
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in Homosexual men in New York city. In the united states the HIV is now known to have originated from chimpanzees, transmission from chimps to human. Initially, there was wild speculation about what might be the cause of AIDs, but in 1982, the centre for disease control had convincing epidermological evidence that AIDS was caused by a new infectious agents.
Currently, the health problem in Nigerian considering reports from various hospitals particularly, the tertiary hospitals, and place AIDS infections in Nigerian at a very serious state. The potential and propensity for widespread is enormous and the debilitating and negative effect n the economy, the population category affected the working class and the dependents which constitute the penultimate individuals to the working class. HIV infections in this direction and orientation should be healed as a national emergency in Nigeria.
Meanwhile, Dr. Robert Gallo’s laboratory begins recovering a virus from AIDS patient, and reported the finding in the science journal. A number of these vinal isolated was introduced together into continuous cell cultures to see if a strain of the virus could replicate in the cells one did replicates and Gallo’s named the virus HILV. III because of the resemblance to two human T-lymphotropic viruses (Neser, 2001).
By 2004, it was shown that many esymtomatic people was infected with virus and could transmits it and that the epidemic was far more extensive than previously suspected. Blood test was generally available for routine testing to donate blood. Thus markedly improving the safety of blood transfusion and products prepared from pooled blood (peiperls, 1995).
1.2 Statement of problems
Investigation revealed that the major problem with HIV/AIDs in developing would have been the failure to set realistic priorities with respect to both research and control.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
The aim of the study is to evaluate the Current Techniques in Diagnoses of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To help recommend the best and most reliable one essaying HIV; and
- To evaluate the current techniques used in the diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
As clinical diagnosis fail to effectively by emphasis on the virus attack is they are increasing case on HIV infection. Some specific techniques are use for the diagnosis of the HIV infection.
1.4 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: There is no significant difference in the result of Westernblots (WB), Enzymes Linked Immuno (Elisa) and Radiommuneoassay kit among HIV carriers.
- HI: There is significant difference in the result of Enzymes linked – immurosorbentassay (Elise), Western blots (WB), and Radommunoasay kit (RIA) among HIV carriers.
1.5 Scope of Study
The scope of this research is focused on the Evaluation of Current Techniques in Diagnoses of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) using University of Nigeria Teaching hospital Enugu (UNTH) as a reference point.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint:
The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Establishment Policies:
Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this research work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this establishment to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
- Financial Constraint:
Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
- Lack of Initial Cooperation from Respondents:
A particular limitation of this work came as a result of the respondent refusal to offer their cooperation at the initial time they were contacted. This contributed in making the success of this research study difficult.
