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Saponin; It's Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals

Saponin; It's Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Saponin; It's Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Animal Nutrition for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Saponin; It's Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



ABSTRACT

Saponins are natural detergents found in a variety of plants. Two major commercial sources of saponins are desert plants, such as Yucca schidigera from Mexico and Quillada saponaria from Chile. Yucca saponins have a steroid nucleus, where as Quillada saponins are triterpenoid in structure. Saponins contain a lipophylic nucleus (steroid or triterpenoid) and one or more water soluble carbohydrate side chains. Thus the surfactant activity is a result of both fed-soluble and water soluble moieties in the same molecule.

Yucca extract is used as a feed additive to reduce ammonia and faecal odour in animal excreta. Saponin, by virtue of its surfactant properties, has anti-protozoal activity. Saponins form complex with cholesterol in protozoal, cell membranes, causing cell lysis. They are effective in both infected and orally administered vaccines. They have antibacterial activity and modify ruminal fermentation by suppressing ruminal protozoa and selectively inhibiting some bacteria. The consequence of protozoan suppression and bacteria inhibition is a total suppression of methanogens, the microbes responsible for methanogenesis.


Saponin; It’s Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Tropical countries are faced with a perennial problem of inadequate quantity and quality of ruminant feeds, especially during the long dry season (Kayouli, 1997). Feeding cost is one of the major problems in the economic balance of livestock farmer. In most of the semi arid Mediterranean regions, animal feed production is difficult and farmer purchase expensive concentrates. Many shrubs and by-products have been studied by researchers from the Mediterranean continents with the aim to substitute expensive conventional feeds (Silanikove et al., 1994).

In many cases, a problem in utilization of these alternative feed is the presence of anti-nutritional factors, e.g. Tanin, saponin (Terril et al., 1992). The presence of saponins can either be beneficial or harmful. In plants, saponins may serve as anti-feedants, and to protect the plant against microbes and fungi. Some plant saponins may enhance nutrient absorption and to aid animal digestion. However, saponins are bitter to taste, and can reduce palatability of livestock feed (en.wikepedia.org.,2010). The main focus of the seminar is to address the occurrence and nutritional implications of saponins in farm animals.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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Defense Procedure for Animal Nutrition Researchers

In preparation for defending a project or seminar on Saponin; It's Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals, it is imperative that as a nursing student, you demonstrate comprehensive knowledge of your research. The defense process is structured to include presenting your work, answering questions, and illustrating its pertinence. Initially, provide a succinct yet thorough introduction to your research topic, emphasizing its importance and the objectives, ensuring that both the audience and the External Examiner can understand the scope of your study.

Prior to your defense, be thoroughly acquainted with your research abstract and the critical elements of Chapter One, including motivation for embarking on this research, problem statement, objectives, and significance. In Chapter Two, be ready to cite at least two references from the literature review. For Chapter Three, you should be equipped to discuss the methodologies, tools, and techniques utilized. In Chapter Four, defend your research by justifying the findings and linking them to your research objectives.

Conclude your defense by succinctly summarizing the study and offering insightful, evidence-based recommendations. A professional dress code, such as wearing a suit and tie, is vital to create a favorable impression and elevate your presentation.

During the question and answer segment, the External Examiner may pose questions pertaining to your research. If confronted with a challenging or irrelevant question, respond diplomatically with, “Sorry, Sir/Madam, the question asked is beyond the scope of my study.” Whenever possible, direct your answers back to your research findings to reinforce your expertise.

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