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Saponin Its Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals

Saponin; It's Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-88-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “Saponin; It's Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Animal Nutrition, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Saponin; It's Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.

ABSTRACT

Saponins are natural detergents found in a variety of plants. Two major commercial sources of saponins are desert plants, such as Yucca schidigera from Mexico and Quillada saponaria from Chile. Yucca saponins have a steroid nucleus, where as Quillada saponins are triterpenoid in structure. Saponins contain a lipophylic nucleus (steroid or triterpenoid) and one or more water soluble carbohydrate side chains. Thus the surfactant activity is a result of both fed-soluble and water soluble moieties in the same molecule.

Yucca extract is used as a feed additive to reduce ammonia and faecal odour in animal excreta. Saponin, by virtue of its surfactant properties, has anti-protozoal activity. Saponins form complex with cholesterol in protozoal, cell membranes, causing cell lysis. They are effective in both infected and orally administered vaccines. They have antibacterial activity and modify ruminal fermentation by suppressing ruminal protozoa and selectively inhibiting some bacteria. The consequence of protozoan suppression and bacteria inhibition is a total suppression of methanogens, the microbes responsible for methanogenesis.


Saponin; It’s Occurrence in Plant and Nutritional Implications in Farm Animals

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Tropical countries are faced with a perennial problem of inadequate quantity and quality of ruminant feeds, especially during the long dry season (Kayouli, 1997). Feeding cost is one of the major problems in the economic balance of livestock farmer. In most of the semi arid Mediterranean regions, animal feed production is difficult and farmer purchase expensive concentrates. Many shrubs and by-products have been studied by researchers from the Mediterranean continents with the aim to substitute expensive conventional feeds (Silanikove et al., 1994).

In many cases, a problem in utilization of these alternative feed is the presence of anti-nutritional factors, e.g. Tanin, saponin (Terril et al., 1992). The presence of saponins can either be beneficial or harmful. In plants, saponins may serve as anti-feedants, and to protect the plant against microbes and fungi. Some plant saponins may enhance nutrient absorption and to aid animal digestion. However, saponins are bitter to taste, and can reduce palatability of livestock feed (en.wikepedia.org.,2010). The main focus of the seminar is to address the occurrence and nutritional implications of saponins in farm animals.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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