Spatial Variability of Soil Properties as Influenced by Parent Materials

Spatial Variability of Soil Properties as Influenced by Parent Materials

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-1486-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “Spatial Variability of Soil Properties as Influenced by Parent Materials” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Soil Science, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Spatial Variability of Soil Properties as Influenced by Parent Materials” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.


Spatial Variability of Soil Properties as Influenced by Parent Materials

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

The need to take account of spatial variability of soil properties when modeling soil forming and environmental processes is now clear and known. Understanding the distribution of soil properties in the field and its variability are important in refining agricultural management practices, (Mc Bratney and Pringle, 1999) while minimizing environmental damage.

Spatial relates to space and position, size and shape of things in it; that is changes taking place within this period. Spatial variability occurs when a quantity that is measured at different spatial locations exhibits values that differ across the locations. The spatial variability of soil properties is poorly understood, despite its importance in designing appropriate experimental sampling strategies. As preparation for a farm-scale agro-ecosystem services monitoring project, the Cross River Basin Development Authority Farm programme, needs to assess the spatial variability of the soil chemical and physical properties. This will aid in designing a suitable soil management system to be used in selecting appropriate agronomic practices for the farm.

Soil management systems play an important role in sustainable agriculture and environmental quality. Soil management practices have greater effect on the direction and degree of changes in soil properties. Conversions of an area from native ecosystem to cultivated land may be the reason of soil degradation and decreases of quality as a result of disturbing the properties of the soil. Soil management systems such as soil tillage, fertilizers and irrigation often create unsuitable changes in soil quality. Jaiyeoba, (2003) and Dunjo et al., (2003) studied the changes in the soil quality and its effects on the ecosystem. The most important effect of soil tillage is the decrease of cation exchange capacity (CEC) which is attributable highly to the reduction of soil organic matter (SOM) (Paz-Gonzalez et al., 2000).

Soil tillage systems may lead to increase of soil pH, base saturation, and extractable phosphorus. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen decreased in cultivated soils compared to pasture (Chan and Hulugalle, 1999). Soil physical and chemical properties are strongly influenced by soil management systems and changes in land use. The greater percentage of mechanically dispersible clay, lower pH and electrical conductivity were found in cultivated soils in an Assessment of Spatial Variability of Soil Properties in Areas under agronomic practices compared to pasture. The mean gravel content is much higher for cultivated areas (Paz-Gonzalez et al., 2000).

Soil properties vary spatially from a field to a larger regional scale affected by both intrinsic (soil forming factors) and extrinsic factors (soil management practices, fertilization, and crop rotation) (Cambardella and Karlen, 1999). The Variation is a gradual change in soil properties as a function of landforms, geomorphic elements, soil forming factors and soil management (Buol et al., 1997). The variation of soil properties should be monitored and quantified to understand the effects of land use and management systems on soils. geostatistical methods have been used successfully for predicting spatial variability of soil properties (Zebarth et al., 2002; Lark, 2002; Dercon et al., 2003).

The Cross River Basin Farm in Itu, Akwa Ibom State covers an area of 3,514 hectares and comprises of both the upland and flood plain (wetland) soils. It is a major food producing centre in Akwa Ibom State involved in large-scale, rain fed and wetland/irrigated agricultural practices. Food produced include vegetables such as; fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis), cucumba, pepper (Capsicum spp), okro, garden egg, tomato. Tuber crops such as water yam (Dioscorea alata), cassava (Manihot esculenta) cocoyam, and groundnut. Other crops include fruits and tree crops; such as plantain, mango, etc. Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Spatial Variability of Soil Properties as Influenced by Parent Materials.


1.2 Aim and Objectives of Study

This research is aimed at assessing the variability of some soil properties in the Cross River Basin Development Authority (CRBDA) farm, Itu, Akwa Ibom State. In order to achieve the above aim, the following objectives were set up:

  1. To determine some physical and chemical properties of the properties of the soils derived from the alluvial and sandstone parent materials
  2. To assess the variability of the soil characteristics in the farm.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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