1.1 Introduction
Arthritis is a disease that affects the Joints. It is usually associated with ageing. Arthritis according to Ebong, (2009) is a chronic degenerative condition of the joint. The disease causes extreme joint pains and inflammation of the joint, thus, limiting movement. Although arthritis is more common in old age, it can affect all humans irrespective of age (Medilexican int’l 2004-15 update). Treating individuals who are at risk of developing arthritis is becoming more and more popular as a way to stop the progression of this chronic illness. Thus, the early identification of predictive factors for this disease has been the focus of research. Before the onset of clinical arthritis and RA, autoantibodies and indicators of systemic inflammation may be present.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Over the years, patients with inflammatory arthritis who are at risk of persistence and/or erosive progression should receive treatment as soon as possible. This will help to maximize long-term outcomes, achieve sustained remission, avoid irreversible organ damage, and achieve optimal clinical responses.
According to Pfizer (2014) the word arthritis is derived from the Greek words: “arthrons”, meaning a joint and − “itis”, meaning inflammation. Inflammation typically involves redness, heat, swelling and tenderness. Arthritis is not a single disease with a single cause. There are several types of arthritis. A further explanation on arthritis by Peters (2009) asserts that, there are more than 100 types of arthritis. It’s a condition that affects more than 46 Million United State adults, and the number that is expected to increase to 67 Million adults by the year 2030.
Most types of arthritis are caused by a combination of several factors working together. These include the genetic make-up, a previous injury, a physically demanding job especially one with repetitive movement, obesity that places extra weight on the joint and severe blow or strain. Ebony (2013) stated that arthritis is the most important cause of disability, resulting from autoimmune diseases. Micro-organism such as bacterial or viral infection invasion at the knee and ankle often times triggers the inflammation.
Arthritis are of various types namely; osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout arthritis and juvenile arthritis. This study discusses three common types namely: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid, and gout arthritis. Diagnostic techniques include history taking, physical examination and observation of the joint to establish swelling, stiffness and limitation of movement. There are no known treatments for most types of arthritis. Thus management of arthritis includes physical and occupational therapy. Exercise and consumption of nourishing foods helps in the prevention and relief of joint pains. Other forms of care include the use of heat in the form of wax bath. Therapeutic management is mainly for the relief of pains.
Following the United States report in 2014 by Pfizer recording high number of adult with arthritis and a future generation doubling the figure, it becomes necessary to research into few types of arthritis commonly found in Amakohia Community, Imo State with a view of offering solution to this occurrence.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions are contributors to illness, pain and disability and highly prevalent, they place a significant burden on the community. It accounts for a large number of deaths among adults especially the ageing or those whose lifestyle is sedentary.
Despite the effort made by relevant professionals like Rheumatologists, Nutritionist occupational therapists and other physicians to curb the occurrence of arthritis, higher incidence of arthritis is still observed. It becomes pertinent to ask if arthritis is obviously not avoidable or controllable. The high incidence of arthritis can be related to poor knowledge of the value of exercise or inadequate nutrition?
Arthritis can deform adults and impede movement due to severe pains and swollen joints. Based on the high incidence and effect of arthritis, the researcher intends to examine arthritis and the health of the aged in Amakohia Community, Imo State in order to advance solutions to prevent its occurrence.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to describe arthritis and the health of the aged in Amakohia Community, Imo State. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To identify osteoarthritis and the health of the aged in the area under study;
- To discuss gout arthritis and the health of the aged in the study area; and
- To examine rheumatoid arthritis and the health of the aged in the study area.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- How does osteoarthritis affect the health of the aged in the area under study?
- How does gout arthritis affect the health of the aged in the area under study?
- To what extent does rheumatoid arthritis affect the health of the aged in the area under study?
1.6 Significance of Study
The outcome of this research will be of immense importance to the aged, government/non-governmental agencies and other researchers.
To the aged, findings of this study will help identify the causes and effect of arthritis on health and seek immediate attention towards preventing it occurrence.
The research findings will assist Government and Non-governmental agencies in providing facilities such as recreational centers, medical aids to ameliorate disabilities and mortalities due to arthritis.
Finally, findings of this work will also serve as a bed-rock (framework) for further studies by being a handy and standard reference material.
1.7 Scope (Delimitation) of the Study
This study is limited in scope to arthritis and the health of the aged in the area under study Community, Owerri Municipal Area of Imo State. It is also confined to common types of arthritis which are adopted as sub-variables for this work as follows:
- Osteoarthritis and the health of the aged.
- Rheumatoid arthritis and the health of the aged.
- Gout arthritis and the health of the aged.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research Material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
- Initial Cooperation Delay from Respondents: A particular limitation of this work came as a result of the respondent refusal to offer their cooperation at the initial time they were contacted. This contributed in making the success of this research study difficult.
1.9 Operational Definition of Terms
Arthritis:
It is an inflammation of one or more joint.
Adults:
They are persons who are fully grown and developed.
Effect:
It is the result of an action or cause.
R.A.:
It is an acronym for Rheumatoid Arthritis
O.A.:
It is an acronym for Osteoarthritis
Disabilities:
It is a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movement, senses or activities.
Disease:
It is a definite pathological process having a characteristics set of sign and symptoms.
Health:
It is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Inflammation:
A localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue.
Rheumatism:
Any disease marked by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue, especially rheumatoid arthritis.
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body including: Joints between bones e.g. The elbows, knees and ankles.
Obesity:
It is a condition where a person has accumulated so much body fat that it might have a negative effect on their health.
Therapy:
This is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis. In the medical field, it is usually synonymous with treatment
Occupational Therapy:
It is the use of assessment and treatment to develop, recover, or maintain the daily living and work skills of people with a physical, mental, or cognitive disorder.
