1.1 Introduction
An expert system for medical diagnosis is a computer-based program designed to assist healthcare professionals in diagnosing diseases and recommending treatments. These systems operate by using a vast knowledge base of medical information, coupled with inference rules, to analyze patient data and provide diagnostic suggestions (Durkin, 1994). The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have revolutionized various sectors, including healthcare. One of the most significant developments in this domain is the creation of expert systems for medical diagnosis. These systems utilize AI to emulate the decision-making abilities of a human expert, offering potential solutions to the problem of limited access to specialized medical expertise, particularly in under-resourced areas (Shortliffe & Cimino, 2014). The primary goal of expert systems is to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, thus enhancing patient care and reducing the incidence of diagnostic errors.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of the Study
Recent advances have focused on improving the accuracy and accessibility of diagnostic systems by using deep learning models and cloud-based platforms. These systems can analyze complex datasets, including medical images, genetic information, and patient history, to offer precise diagnostic suggestions. The continuous evolution of diagnostic technology reflects a shift towards more automated, data-driven healthcare, aiming to enhance clinical decision-making and reduce diagnostic errors (Topol, 2019).
Medical diagnosis, often simply termed diagnosis refers both to the process of attempting to determine or identifying a possible disease or disorder to the opinion reached by this process. A diagnosis in the sense of diagnostic procedure can be regarded as an attempt at classifying an individual’s health condition into separate and distinct categories that allow medical decisions about treatment and prognosis to be made. Subsequently, a diagnostic opinion is often described in terms of a disease or other conditions. in the medical diagnostic system procedures, elucidation of the etiology of the disease or conditions of interest, that is, what caused the disease or condition and its origin is not entirely necessary. Such elucidation can be useful to optimize treatment, further specify the prognosis or prevent recurrence of the disease or condition in the future. The growing complexity of medical diagnostics and the increasing volume of healthcare data have made it challenging for clinicians to maintain high levels of accuracy and consistency in their diagnoses. Traditionally, diagnosis is a manual process that depends on the clinician's knowledge, experience, and intuition, which can vary significantly across practitioners and healthcare settings. According to Jones et al. (2019), nearly 10% of medical diagnoses are either delayed or incorrect, leading to suboptimal patient outcomes and, in severe cases, avoidable fatalities (Jones et al. 2019).
The advent of computerized medical diagnostic systems offers an opportunity to enhance diagnostic accuracy and reduce variability by providing evidence-based analysis. These systems utilize decision-support algorithms, machine learning, and expert systems to process patient data, compare it against medical knowledge databases, and generate reliable diagnostic suggestions. Such systems not only reduce the burden on healthcare providers but also improve diagnostic speed and accuracy, especially in settings with limited access to expert clinicians.
Medical diagnostic systems have been successfully implemented in various healthcare fields, including radiology, pathology, and general practice. For instance, artificial intelligence (AI) applications in medical imaging have demonstrated significant improvements in detecting conditions like cancer and heart disease (Brown & Wang, 2021). This project builds on these advancements by designing and implementing a diagnostic system tailored to assist clinicians in diagnosing a broad range of conditions based on patient symptoms, history, and lab results.
The existing research has untreated bottlenecks which entail that the traditional reliance on manual diagnostic processes is inefficient, prone to variability, and heavily dependent on the clinician’s expertise, which can vary widely. It is against the background that the developments of this software will contribute to the broader goal of integrating technology into healthcare, enabling data-driven approaches that enhance precision and reduce human errors. It is particularly relevant as healthcare moves towards personalized medicine, where patient-specific data play a crucial role in diagnosis and treatment.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
Investigation revealed that despite significant advancements in healthcare, diagnostic errors remain a critical issue. Studies suggest that misdiagnosis affects approximately 12 million people annually in the United States alone, with one in three errors resulting in serious harm (Singh & Graber, 2019). These errors are often caused by human factors such as cognitive biases, limited access to expert knowledge, and the overwhelming complexity of modern medical information.
In resource-limited settings, the problem is further exacerbated by the scarcity of skilled healthcare providers, leading to delays and inaccuracies in diagnosis. The traditional reliance on manual diagnostic processes is inefficient, prone to variability, and heavily dependent on the clinician’s expertise, which can vary widely. According to Berner and Graber (2008), even experienced clinicians may struggle to synthesize large volumes of patient data, identify patterns, and consider all potential diagnoses accurately.
Furthermore, the growing volume of medical data from electronic health records, medical imaging, and laboratory tests has made it increasingly challenging for clinicians to process and analyze all relevant information effectively. The need for a systematic and data-driven approach to diagnosis is critical to ensuring more accurate, timely, and consistent medical assessments.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this project is to design and implement an Expert System for Medical Diagnostic System In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To develop a user-friendly interface that allows healthcare providers to input patient data easily and receive diagnostic suggestions.
- To design and implement algorithms that can analyze symptoms and other relevant patient information to generate potential diagnoses.
- To integrate machine learning models capable of learning from large datasets and improving the accuracy of diagnostic outcomes over time.
- To test and validate the system's performance by comparing its diagnostic outputs with those of expert clinicians.
- To provide a decision-support tool that enhances clinical decision-making and reduces diagnostic errors.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The outcome realized from the research findings will be significant to the following stakeholders:
- The medical diagnostic system will enhance the accuracy of diagnoses for clinicians, providing a reliable tool that supports informed decision-making, leading to better patient outcomes.
- Patients will benefit from more timely and accurate diagnoses, reducing the risk of delayed or incorrect treatments, ultimately improving their overall healthcare experience.
- For healthcare administrators, the system will streamline diagnostic processes, reducing operational inefficiencies and lowering costs associated with misdiagnoses and unnecessary tests.
- Medical researchers will have access to a robust data platform that can be used to study patterns, improve algorithms, and refine diagnostic criteria based on real-world data.
- In resource-limited settings, healthcare providers will gain a tool that bridges the expertise gap, offering high-quality diagnostic support even in the absence of specialized medical professionals, thereby expanding access to quality care.
1.6 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Design and Implementation of Medical Diagnostic System using Echochin Hospital 9th Mile Enugu as a case study. The therapy covers severe and uncomplicated cases of the treatment of extreme or severe associated cases in patients such as cerebral malaria which causes insanity, blondness, asthma, tuberculosis and so on.
The study will also involve method(s) of diagnosis especially the patient history, physical examination and request for clinical laboratory test but will not go into how these tests are carried out. Rather, it will only make use of the laboratory and treatment.
1.7 Limitation of the Study
In the course of this study, financial constraints played a major role, as funding was limited for acquiring advanced software tools, data resources, and hardware required for implementing and testing the system. This limitation was particularly felt in areas where access to paid databases, development platforms, and high-quality computing resources was necessary for building an effective diagnostic system.
Time constraints were another significant limitation. Balancing academic responsibilities with the demands of the research project was challenging, especially considering the complexity of designing, coding, and testing a diagnostic system. The limited timeframe available for completing the project within academic deadlines resulted in compromises in the depth of analysis and the scope of implementation.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Medical Diagnostic System:
A medical diagnostic system is a computerized tool designed to assist healthcare providers in diagnosing diseases and conditions based on patient data, symptoms, and medical knowledge. It typically integrates algorithms, machine learning models, and databases to analyze inputs and provide diagnostic suggestions (Shortliffe & Cimino, 2013).
Machine Learning:
Machine learning refers to a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on developing algorithms capable of learning from and making decisions based on data. In medical diagnostics, machine learning models are trained on vast datasets to recognize patterns and improve diagnostic accuracy over time (Murphy, 2012).
Expert System:
An expert system is an AI-based software that uses a knowledge base of human expertise and inference rules to solve specific problems. In a medical context, it mimics the decision-making ability of human experts by providing diagnostic recommendations based on inputted data (Jackson, 2019).
Algorithm:
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem. in the context of a medical diagnostic system, algorithms process input data such as symptoms and test results to generate possible diagnoses or recommendations (Russell & Norvig, 2021).
