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Hydrogeophysical Survey for Borehole Siting in Drought-Prone Areas

Hydrogeophysical Survey for Borehole Siting in Drought-Prone Areas

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Hydrogeophysical Survey for Borehole Siting in Drought-Prone Areas” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Applied Geophysics for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Hydrogeophysical Survey for Borehole Siting in Drought-Prone Areas provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.




PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1 Background of Study
  • 1.3 Statement of Problems
  • 1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
  • 1.4 Research Questions
  • 1.5 Significance of Study
  • 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study
  • 1.7 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Conceptual Review of Hydrogeophysical Survey
  • 2.3 Principles of Groundwater Exploration
  • 2.4 Geophysical Methods in Borehole Siting
  • 2.5 Previous Studies on Borehole Siting in Drought-Prone Areas
  • 2.6 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.7 Empirical Review of Related Works
  • 2.8 Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • 3.1 Study Area Description
  • 3.2 Geological and Hydrogeological Setting
  • 3.3 Instruments and Equipment Used
  • 3.4 Data Acquisition Procedures
  • 3.5 Geophysical Methods Employed
  • 3.6 Data Processing and Interpretation Techniques
  • 3.7 Validation of Results

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

  • 4.1 Field Data Presentation
  • 4.2 Interpretation of Geophysical Results
  • 4.3 Identification of Suitable Borehole Sites
  • 4.4 Integration of Hydrogeophysical Parameters
  • 4.5 Discussion of Findings
  • 4.5.1 Correlation with Hydrogeological Data
  • 4.5.2 Implications for Water Resource Development
  • 4.5.3 Relevance to Drought Mitigation

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • 5.1 Summary of Findings
  • 5.2 Conclusion
  • 5.3 Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX (MAPS, FIELD LOGS, AND RAW DATA)



ABSTRACT

This study investigates the application of hydrogeophysical techniques, particularly the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method, for identifying suitable borehole sites in drought-prone areas of Maiduguri. A total of five VES points were surveyed and analyzed based on apparent resistivity, aquifer thickness, depth to water-bearing formations, and lithological characteristics. The findings revealed that VES 2 and VES 5 exhibited the most favorable hydrogeophysical conditions, with resistivity values of 14 Ωm and 18 Ωm respectively, aquifer thicknesses of 18 m and 22 m, and depth to aquifer zones at 13.5 m and 11.0 m. These locations demonstrated high yield potentials of 150 L/min and 140 L/min, contributing daily water supplies of 216,000 liters and 201,600 liters, capable of serving 4,320 and 4,032 individuals during dry seasons. Correlation with borehole logs and hydrogeological data yielded agreement levels above 95%, confirming the accuracy of the resistivity interpretations.

The Water Saturation Index (WSI) ranged from 0.85 to 0.93 for the most productive sites, indicating high groundwater availability. These results emphasize the relevance of integrating geophysical and hydrogeological parameters for effective borehole siting and drought mitigation. The study concludes that hydrogeophysical surveys provide a scientifically sound and economically efficient basis for groundwater development in Maiduguri, ensuring improved water access and resilience against prolonged dry spells. Based on the result obtained from this research, it was recommended that the Maiduguri Water Board should adopt hydrogeophysical surveys as a standard preliminary step before initiating any groundwater development projects, especially in drought-prone regions. Borehole drilling activities should be guided by integrated geophysical data to improve success rates and minimize the risk of dry wells.



Hydrogeophysical Survey for Borehole Siting in Drought-Prone Areas (A Case Study of Maiduguri Water Board)


1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of Study

Access to clean and adequate water remains a fundamental human right and a cornerstone for socio-economic development. However, many regions in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly the northeastern part of Nigeria, are increasingly facing acute water scarcity due to prolonged periods of drought, rapid population growth, and poor water resource management. Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State, lies within the semi-arid Sahelian belt where rainfall is seasonal, sparse, and unpredictable. Consequently, communities within the Maiduguri metropolitan area and its environs are heavily dependent on groundwater for domestic, and industrial uses (Yusuf et al., 2015).

The city of Maiduguri, located within the Chad Basin sedimentary zone, faces unique hydrogeological challenges. While the sedimentary environment is generally favorable for groundwater accumulation, poor planning, over-extraction, and conflict-related population displacement have intensified the demand for reliable water sources. The Maiduguri Water Board was established to oversee water supply management in the region and has since played a central role in initiating groundwater development projects (Yusuf et al., 2015).

According to Olasehinde (2010), groundwater is often the most reliable source of water in drought-prone regions due to its resistance to short-term climate variability. However, effective groundwater development requires accurate siting of boreholes to avoid dry wells and optimize yield. Traditional methods of borehole siting, which rely on local knowledge or random drilling, have led to the failure of several water supply projects due to incorrect identification of aquifer locations and depths (Olasehinde, 2010). Water is an essential resource for human survival, agricultural productivity, and industrial development. In arid and semi-arid regions, such as Maiduguri in northeastern Nigeria, persistent drought and water scarcity have led to an increased demand for reliable groundwater sources. Borehole siting, therefore, becomes a critical process in ensuring sustainable water supply. One of the most effective scientific approaches to identifying suitable locations for groundwater development is hydrogeophysical surveying.

According to Adepelumi et al. (2001), hydrogeophysical surveying refers to the application of geophysical methods particularly electrical resistivity and electromagnetic techniques to investigate subsurface hydrogeological conditions. These techniques help in locating aquifers, assessing their potential, and determining the depth and thickness of water-bearing formations (Adepelumi et al., 2001). The advantage of hydrogeophysical methods lies in their non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and ability to cover large areas quickly, thereby reducing the risk and cost associated with unsuccessful drilling. In drought-prone areas like Maiduguri, conventional methods of borehole siting based on trial-and-error or anecdotal knowledge often result in dry or low-yielding boreholes. Given the region's vulnerability to water shortages and increasing population pressure, it is imperative to adopt scientific methods that improve the success rate of groundwater development projects. The Maiduguri Water Board, as a key agency responsible for urban and peri-urban water supply, has recognized the importance of integrating geophysical data into its water resource planning and borehole drilling operations. This study aims to investigate how hydrogeophysical techniques can be effectively utilized to identify optimal borehole sites in Maiduguri.


1.2 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that Water scarcity is one of the most pressing challenges faced by communities in drought-prone regions such as Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State in northeastern Nigeria. With erratic rainfall, high evapotranspiration rates, and a growing population exacerbated by internal displacement due to conflict the demand for potable water has drastically increased. Groundwater has emerged as the most dependable source of water in the area. However, the success of borehole drilling depends largely on accurately identifying viable aquifer zones (Yusuf et al., 2015).

Furthermore, the use of traditional methods without geophysical guidance is resulting in dry boreholes, low-yield wells, and poor quality water, thereby compromising the sustainability of water supply systems. These failed drilling attempts not only have financial implications but also reduce public trust in government water projects. Moreover, in areas where hydrogeological conditions vary over short distances, such as within the Chad Basin sedimentary formation, improper borehole siting is worsening the water crisis rather than solving it (Olasehinde, 2010). It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to investigate the application of hydrogeophysical survey techniques for effective borehole siting in drought-prone areas.


1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to assess the application of hydrogeophysical survey methods for effective borehole siting in drought-prone areas, using the Maiduguri Water Board as a case study. The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

  1. To investigate the current methods used by Maiduguri Water Board for borehole siting.
  2. To evaluate the effectiveness of hydrogeophysical techniques in identifying suitable aquifer zones.
  3. To assess the challenges hindering the adoption of hydrogeophysical surveys in borehole development.
  4. To provide recommendations for integrating hydrogeophysical surveys into water planning strategies.

1.4 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

  • What methods are currently used by the Maiduguri Water Board for siting boreholes?
  • How effective are hydrogeophysical techniques in locating groundwater-bearing formations?
  • What are the major challenges affecting the implementation of hydrogeophysical surveys?
  • What strategies can be used to enhance borehole siting success through hydrogeophysical applications?

1.5 Significance of Study

The findings will support the Maiduguri Water Board in making informed decisions on groundwater development, thereby improving water supply to communities struggling with persistent scarcity. The study will also assist government water agencies by providing scientific approaches to improve borehole siting outcomes.

Furthermore, it will add to the growing body of academic and technical knowledge on groundwater development in semi-arid environments, serving as a reference for future research and policy formulation.


CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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