1.1 Introduction
Corrosion protection is the application of anti-corrosion chemicals to prevent damages to equipment or facility caused by corrosive agents. Corrosion inhibitors are chemicals added to equipment to form a thin layer of protection against corrosion catalysts (Cor-pro, 2021). Corrosion of biomaterials used in dentistry is the process of altering or destroying such materials in interaction with the oral environment (Gadea, 1983). Generally, all dental materials are subjected to the aggressiveness in the oral environment, in a certain period of time, longer or shorter, they shall chemically degrade. The term degradation of biomaterials in a biological environment combines metallic biomaterials corrosion or damage of ceramic and polymeric biomaterials with the host tissue reaction (Craig, 1993).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Localized corrosion can be, in its turn, crevicular or galvanic corrosion. Often, in the case of dry uniform corrosion, following the process of corrosion, a layer of corrosion products is formed on the surface of the metal, which are nothing else than the metal oxides. By thickening of the oxide layer, the metal surface shall be protected from exposure to the atmospheric oxygen and thus the corrosion process shall be self-limited in time. This type of corrosion occurs in metals where oxides formed are very stable. There are also oxides that are not as stable, so that the oxide layer can crack or run-out from the surface of metal and then the corrosion continues over time.
In the oral cavity, corrosion of metals and alloys is produced electrolytic as humid environment, so it is a galvanic corrosion. Galvanic corrosion occurs when an electrolytic cell is formed. For an electrolyte cell to form, an electrolyte (a liquid which can lead electricity, in our case saliva), an anode (electrode providing/giving up electrons) and a cathode (electrode receiving electrons) are needed. If two metals with different electrical potentials are found in wet environment, metal with a more negative electric potential (see table) shall oxidize, so it shall lose electrons becoming an anode, and the metal with a more positive electric potential shall become the cathode. There are significant differences between the oxidation potential of the various metals. The more susceptible to oxidation, the more reactive they are, with higher corrosion potential. The potential for corrosion of metals depends on their reactivity, i.e. their galvanic potentials. Galvanic corrosion can occur between two different metals or alloys, but galvanic corrosion is more insidious and difficult to detect occurring in the same alloy that is composed of different phases, with different oxidation rates.
Oral environment is considered a highly chemical aggressive environment, characterized by frequent and important pH modifications due to various types of food or microbial flora. In this environment, dental materials can be dissolved in water or saliva or they can release constituents by the diffusion processes, they can be eroded in the presence of acids, they can change colour, or corrode.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Synthesis the Materials for Waste Product for Corrosion Protection.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation reveals the problems raised by steels in use as biocompatible materials are related to the loss of Ni ions, in particular as a result of the corrosion process. These ions are tolerated by the body only in small amounts.
Corrosion is one of the leading problems faced by almost all industries. It is important to know the effects of corrosion, the risks of corrosive facilities and equipment, and benefits of getting high quality corrosion protection services from reputable companies (Cor-pro, 2021)..
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to examine the Materials for Waste Product for Corrosion Protection. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To evaluate the Waste product materials used for Corrosion Protection
- To find out the factors affecting Corrosion Protection from waste products
- To proffer solution to the above stated problem of Waste Product for Corrosion Protection
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Is there any significant factors affecting Corrosion Protection from waste products?
- What is the Waste product materials used for Corrosion Protection?
1.6 Significance of Study
This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the Synthesis the Materials for Waste Product for Corrosion Protection in Nigerian Industry.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.9 Definition of Terms
- Hazardous Wastes: These are wastes that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or environments
- Aquifers: These are underground layers of porous rocks or sand that allows the movement of water between layers of non-porous rocks (sand stone, gravel or fractured lime stone or granite).
- Waste Prevention: It is the method of eliminating waste at source and reducing the demand on natural or origin resources.
- Waste Re-Use: It is the method of using a waste product from one process as a raw material to form another.
- Waste Recycles: This is the method of breaking down the waste items into raw material.
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