1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Following recent survey by the federal ministry of health in August, 2012 shows that Nigeria has one of the lowest exclusive breastfeeding rates in the Africa continent with recent data indicating that the percentage of infants exclusively breastfed to the age of six months has decreased from 17 percent, while early initiation of complementary feeding before the age of six months puts at 76 percent.
This is as a result of misinformation and misunderstanding on exclusive breastfeeding among young mothers resulting to increase in infant deaths in the country. Lack of public awareness about benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. Lack of conducive working environment for nursing mothers, marketing of breast milk substitutes and attributes of some health workers and family members are fingered as reasons why many children are deprived of breastfeeding.
Chris Osa Isokpunwu, Deputy Director/Head of Nutrition, Federal Ministry of Health, said that breastfeeding is the best way to provide new born with essential nutrients they need as it is a window of children's survival, optional growth and development into adolescence and adulthood. Further more, research has shown that healthy infants do not need additional water during the first 6 months if they are exclusively breastfeed because breast milk contains the nutrients an infant needs in the first 6 months of life, including fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and water. While breast milk is easily digested and efficiently used, it contains bioactive factors that augment infant's immature immune system providing protection against infection and other factors that help digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Due to the fact that Nigeria has one of the lowest exclusive breastfeeding rates in the African Continent till date breastfeeding awareness information has been ongoing and it is not only for the women in the universal present campaign initiative, everyone is involved in the timing, place and strategies for passing the right information to the in the best ways that would be appreciated by the mothers, the family and the society.
Communication is an essential part of promoting and supporting exclusive breastfeeding, individuals and communities connect across small and great distances at an instant notice through communication. According to Brownlee, (199), “New lines of communication are being created everyday and we have the ability to use these information channels to broaden our horizons and can spread exclusive breastfeeding beyond our immediate time and place the reason, range ignorance to traditional beliefs, one of which has to do with water, whereby water are used as breast milk supplement.
Scientific evidence shows that the child's immune system is not fully developed to fight infections which emanate from giving water or other fluids. If we must improve our breastfeeding practices and increase our exclusive breastfeeding rate, then we must tackle the issue of using water as breast milk supplement and focus on engaging and mobilizing young methods and deal with communication at various levels and between various sectors. Breastfeeding practices including initiation and duration are influenced by multiple interwoven factors which include health, psycho-social, cultural, political and economic factors.
Among these factors, decisions regarding initiation and duration of breastfeeding in low-income countries are influenced by education, empowerment, place of delivery, family pressure, environmental residence and cultural values in Nigeria. The early introduction of complementary feeding base on erroneous assumptions affects breastfeeding initiation and sustainability. Among the Yoruba people, a common belief about exclusive breastfeeding is that it is beneficial to both mother and infants but complementary feeding is essential for babies to adopt bit with ease. Exclusive breastfeeding helps the mother to accelerate recovery of pre-pregnancy weight and also have less than 2 percept risk of becoming pregnant in the first 6 months of postpartum.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The search for effective means of achieving optimal breastfeeding between the governments, different health organizations and the women is a continuous and sustained one. And as the day goes by, most infants are faced with fresh challenges regarding to the absence of breastfeeding at birth time.
The country is viewed critically, has one of the poorest breastfeeding rates in Africa whereby 13 percent are exclusively breastfed for complete 6 months, resulting to infant mortality and many protected by bringing to their knowledge the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. Since breastfeeding reduces the mothers risk of fatal post partum hemorrhage and premonopausal breast and ovarian cancer.
However, health communication through advocacy and dialogue strategy is seen as one of the best way of passing the right information that would be acknowledged by mothers, the family and the society. This study is therefore focused on exploring functional communication patterns that can be used as an active strategy for effective breastfeeding practice in Nigeria. Against this background, the study is also out to know whether advocacy and dialogue communication could help in creating favourable awareness about breastfeeding practice in young mothers.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
- To identify other facts, that elicit exclusive breastfeeding acceptance.
- To find out the medium through which women get most frequent information on breastfeeding.
- To inform the women about the benefit of exclusive breastfeeding.
- To find out through empirical means the level of awareness on the issue of breastfeeding among women.
1.4 Research Questions
- What factors are responsible for the audience of exclusive breastfeeding?
- Which medium do you get information about exclusive breastfeeding?
- Which information have you gotten about exclusive breastfeeding?
- How aware or informed are you on the exclusive breastfeeding practice?
1.5 Scope of the Study
The interest of this study lies on young women in Owerri North L.G.A. The story picks Owerri North L.G.A in Imo state as the area where the research will be carried out. The aim is to bring out findings that will be relevant to all young women in the locality and Nigeria at large, over the acceptance of exclusive breastfeeding practice to their infant child.
1.6 Limitations of the Study
Various problems was encountered in this study, the researcher was faced with limited time which affected the duration the work and finding were done. Educational challenges, a due to the level of illiteracy among the women, the researcher founds it difficult to interact and pass across the information he had for them. Religious belief is also one of the major problem the researcher encounter, the mothers found it difficult to accept the information being passed across especially when the issue of not giving water or any kind of fluid was raised.
1.7 Significance of the Study
Almighty students research abounds in this area, this work will serve as an addition to existing literature on this topic. It would also document on the medium of communication of exclusive breastfeeding programmes in the local government which would help the various communication agents such as community leaders or private bodies to appreciate their efforts and peculiarities more.
The study would also be help in promoting and improving exclusive breastfeeding practice and increase breastfeeding rate by talking the issues of giving infant water and other fluids. This project would also provide retrospect to young women in Owerri North L.G.A and Nigeria women at large on the benefits derivable in exclusive breastfeeding on child development impact on neonatal and infant survival and health impact on child nutrition.
It is hoped that the end of this exercise, it will be handy enough to make further academic interest on the subject matter and closer analysis of specialized areas like films and others maybe provoked so that it would inspire further breastfeeding.
Finally, the study intends to ass to existing scarce literature in the area of interpersonal communication and breastfeeding.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Conceptual
Exclusive Breastfeeding:
Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk. No other liquid or solids are given not even water with the exception of oral dehydration solution, or drops/syrups of vitamins, minerals and medicines in the first 6months of birth.
Advocacy:
Advocacy is an adaptive process of gathering, organizing and formulating of ideas to influence policy and decision makers to fight for changes. Also advocacy can be defined as a research that is carried out with the intention of providing evidence and argument that can be used to support a particular cause or position.
Dialogue:
Dialogue is a focused and intentional conversation, a space of civility and equality in which those who differ may listen and speak together. It is also a way of being mindful and creative relating. In dialogue, we seek to set aside fears, preconceptions, the need to win; we take time to hear other voices and possibilities. It can encompass tension and paradoxes, and in so doing, new ideas collective wisdom may arise.
Communication:
This is the impacting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing or using some other medium. It can also be said or defined as the activity of conveying information through the exchange of ideas, feeling, intentions, attitudes, expectations, perceptions or commands.
Operation
Exclusive Breastfeeding:
This means giving the baby no other food or drink except breast milk for the first six (6) months of birth. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS), drops and syrups (vitamins, medicines and minerals) can be given to the child during the first six months.
Advocacy:
Advocacy is an adaptive process of gathering, organizing and formulating of ideas to influence policy and decision makers to fight for social change.
Dialogue:
Dialogue is a way of being mindful and creative relating. Dialogue seeks to set aside fears, preconceptions,. The need to win; it takes time to hear others voices and possibilities. It can encompass tension and paradoxes and in so doing, new ideas – collective wisdom may arise.
Communication:
Communication is the reciprocal, mutual, honest and effective transmission of feelings, thoughts and ideas between two or more parties.
