1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Marine pollution is classed as point source or non-point source. Point source pollution occurs when there is a single, identifiable, and localized source of the pollution. That is, "point source" means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. An example is directly discharging sewage (i.e. water carried waste, in solution or suspension, which is intended to be removed from a community, also known as wastewater) and industrial waste into the ocean (Mitchell, 2007).
The internationally recognized definition for the marine environment was developed by Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), currently known as Aspects Of Marine Environ-mental Protection, which states: ‘Introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea-water, and reduction of amenities’.
Non point source pollution occurs when the pollution comes from ill-defined and diffuse sources. It arises from a broad group of human activities for which the pollutants have no obvious point of entry into receiving watercourses. Obviously, non-point source pollution is much more difficult to measure, identify and control than point sources. These include agricultural storm water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture, urban runoff (from roofs, streets, parking lots, etc), transportation (roads, railways, pipelines, hydro-electric corridors) etc.
Industries and businesses may discharge wastes to street gutters and storm drains. Overloading and malfunction of septic systems lead to surface runoff (Ijc, 2003)
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Investigation reveals the following problem of the existing research work;
- Improper evaluation of the ways forward for Proper Monitoring, Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution in Warri port,
- Inadequate provision of information relating to the sources of marine pollution in Warri port,
- Lack of proper and precise information relating to the adverse effects of marine pollution on human health, as well as the Marine Environment.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to evaluate the Impacts of Marine Pollution to Shipping Operation and Marine Environment using Warri port as a case study. The specific objectives are to find out the following:
- To evaluate the ways forward for Proper Monitoring, Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution in Warri port,
- Provision of information relating to the sources of marine pollution in Warri port,
- To provide proper and precise information relating to the adverse effects of marine pollution on human health, as well as the Marine Environment.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were formulated to guide this study:
- What are the Sources of Marine Pollution?
- Does Marine Pollution have adverse effects on human health, as well As the Marine Environment?
- What are the ways forward for Proper Monitoring, Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution in Warri Port?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses were formulated to guide this study:
Hypothesis 1
H0: There is no significance relationship between the effect of Marine Pollution and shipping operation in Warri port.
H1: There is a significance relationship between the effect of Marine Pollution and shipping operation in Warri port.
1.6 Significance of the Study
In this study, the researchers have set out to evaluate the effect of marine pollution to the shipping operation using Warri port as a case study.
- It would enable the officer’s in-charge to improve on the system of transportation where lapses are discovered or exists.
- The study would also educate those who do not understand the essence of marine pollution to the shipping operation of any nation.
- To stakeholders and interested persons in transport sector, this study is expected to enkindle their interest the more and they will take note of various recommendations mentioned here and help steer the management team towards forming a study organizations to present accurate shipping operation that will measure the Nigerian gross domestic product.
- This study will also help to serve as literature (reference source) to students, individuals or corporate bodies into what to carry out on further research on the similar topic.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study is limited to Warri port waterway and upon the research topic which is the effect of marine pollution to the shipping operation using Warri port as a case study.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this institution to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.9 Definition of Terms
- Transportation: It is an act, process, or instance of transporting or being transported. Any device used to move an item from one location to another. Common forms of transportation include planes, trains, automobiles, and other two-wheel devices such as bikes or motorcycles.
- Accessibility: accessibility refers to ease of reaching destinations. People in places that are highly accessible would reach many other activities or destinations quickly and people in inaccessible places can reach many fewer places in the same amount of time, so that nearer or less expensive places are weighted more than farther or more expensive places.
- Logistics: Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics is the management of the flow of things between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet requirements of customers or corporations.
- Logistics Management: Logistics management is the part of supply chain management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward, and reverses flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customer's requirements. The complexity of logistics can be modeled, analyzed, visualized, and optimized by dedicated simulation software. The minimization of the use of resources is a common motivation in all logistics fields. A professional working in the field of logistics management is called a logistician.
- Marine: A marine is a member of an armed force, for example the US Marine Corps or the Royal Marines, who is specially trained for military duties at sea as well as on land.
- Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
- Shipping: ships considered collectively, especially those in a particular area or belonging to a particular country.
- Operation: Operations is the work of managing the inner workings of your business so it runs as efficiently as possible.
