1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
Machining is the manufacturing process by which parts can be produced to the desired dimensions and surface finish from a blank by gradual removal of excess material in the form of chips by the help of sharp cutting tools. Engineering components are however subjected to one form of machining or another during manufacturing, thus the application of a cutting fluid is very essential.
Cutting fluid also known as metal working fluid, coolants, cutting oils, machining fluids or lubricants, are fluids used in manufacturing industries as coolants and lubricants, designed specifically for metal working and machining processes. Cutting fluids are used to reduce the negative effects of heat and friction on both tool and workpiece.
Historically, the use of cutting fluids in metal cutting was first reported by F. Taylor in 1894. He observed that cutting speed could be increased up to 33% without reducing tool life by applying large amounts of water in the cutting zone (Avila and Abrao, 2001).
The cutting fluids produce three positive effects in the process of machining, heatevacuation, lubrication on the chip—tool interface and chip removal (Lopez et al., 2006).Cutting fluids are extensively used in drilling operations for removal of chips from the holes, thereby preventing drill breakages(Braga, et al., 2002). Higher surface finish, quality and better dimensional accuracy are also obtained from cutting fluids (Sokovic and Mijanovic, 2001).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The application of cutting fluidsin machining processes decreasesthe temperature during machining by spraying the coolant on the machining zone. However, growing environmental concerns such as renewability, biodegrability, safety and health of operators demand serious attention(Abdalla and Patel, 2006).
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