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Assessment of the Compressive Strength of Soil Cement Block Exposed to NPK Fertilizer

Assessment of the Compressive Strength of Soil Cement Block Exposed to NPK Fertilizer

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Assessment of the Compressive Strength of Soil Cement Block Exposed to NPK Fertilizer” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Building Technology (BT) for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Assessment of the Compressive Strength of Soil Cement Block Exposed to NPK Fertilizer provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.0 Introduction
  • 1.1 Background of the Study
  • 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
  • 1.3 Justification for the Study
  • 1.4 Aim and Objectives
  • 1.5 Scope and Limitation

CHAPTER TWO

  • 2.0 Literature Review
  • 2.1 History of Earth Materials and Traditional Clay Buildings
  • 2.2 Traditional Methods of Earth Construction
  • 2.2.1 Adobe Blocks
  • 2.2.2 Cob
  • 2.3 Modern Methods of Earth Construction
  • 2.3.1 Compressed Earth Block
  • 2.3.2 Stabilised Soil
  • 2.4 Stabilisation Techniques
  • 2.4.1 Mechanical Stabilisation
  • 2.4.2 Cement Stabilisation
  • 2.4.3 Lime Stabilisation
  • 2.4.4 Bitumen Stabilisation
  • 2.4.5 Gypsum Stabilisation
  • 2.4.6 Pozzolanas Stabilisation
  • 2.4.7 Other Stabilisers
  • 2.5 Hydraform Blocks
  • 2.5.1 Suitable Soil for Soil Cement Block
  • 2.5.2 Tests for Soils
  • 2.6 Compressive Strength of Hydraform Blocks
  • 2.7 Moisture Movement
  • 2.8 Chemical Analysis of SCB
  • 2.9 Durability of Hydraform Blocks
  • 2.10 Deterioration Mechanisms in SCB
  • 2.10.1 Water Related Deterioration in SCBs
  • 2.10.2 Temperature-Related Deterioration in SCBs
  • 2.10.3 Chemical-Related Deterioration

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Experimental Procedure
  • 3.1 Materials
  • 3.1.1 Properties of Soil
  • 3.1.2 Shrinkage Test
  • 3.1.3 Aggregate Grading (Sieve Analysis Test)
  • 3.2 Properties of Hydraform Blocks
  • 3.2.1 Water Absorption
  • 3.2.2 Wet Compressive Strength Test
  • 3.2.3 Dry Compressive Strength Test
  • 3.3 Chemical Analysis of Cement, Laterite and NPK Fertilizer
  • 3.4 Hydraform Experimental Procedure
  • 3.4.1 Preparation of NPK Fertilizer Solution
  • 3.4.2 Compressive Strength Test after Exposure to NPK Solution

CHAPTER FOUR

  • 4.0 Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussions
  • 4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis
  • 4.2 Properties of Soil
  • 4.2.1 Shrinkage Test
  • 4.2.2 Result of Aggregate Grading (Sieve Analysis Test)
  • 4.3 Properties of Hydraform Blocks
  • 4.3.1 Moisture Absorption Test
  • 4.3.2 Dry Compressive Strength
  • 4.3.3 Wet Compressive Strength
  • 4.4 Chemical Analysis
  • 4.4.1 Chemical Composition Analysis of Dangote Ordinary Portland Cement
  • 4.4.2 Chemical Composition Analysis of Laterite
  • 4.4.3 Chemical Composition Analysis of NPK
  • 4.5 Compressive Strength Test Results

CHAPTER FIVE

  • 5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
  • 5.1 Summary of Findings
  • 5.2 Conclusions
  • 5.3 Recommendations

REFERENCES

APPENDICES


ABSTRACT

The large number of farmers, especially the rural farmers, make use of NPK fertilizer for farming. These farmers lack adequate storage facilities for storing farm products. This study is aimed at determining the compressive strength of soil cement blocks (SCB) in contact with NPK fertilizer with a view to study the chemical reaction and ascertaining the suitability of the SCB in the construction of ware houses for the storage of NPK. The SCBs were obtained from a Hydraform block firm constructing an estate in Kuje, LGA Abuja. A total of 150 samples of the SCB, the soil used to produce the SCB, obtained from the site in Kuje LGA.

The properties of the soil that determines the cement content and properties of the blocks were investigated in accordance with BS EN 771-1:2011 and BS EN 772-1:2011 respectively. The shrinkage has a value of 5.8% and sieve analysis (clay and silt 0.95%) indicates that the cement content can be increased to improve the strength of the SCB. The wet compressive strength (1.8N/mm2) was 78% of the dry compressive strength (2.3N/mm2) and less than 80% as recommended by BS EN 772-1:2011. Chemical analysis of the cement, soil and NPK were carried out, a saturated solution of NPK was determined to produce different concentrations.

The solutions were prepared and three blocks selected at random were immersed for 7days, 14days, 21days, 28days, 56days and 90days respectively to ensure adequate exposure to the NPK solution. The compressive strength tests shows that the behaviour of the control differs from those in the solution. It was observed that the control experienced leaching of calcium hydroxide from the cement paste with low compressive strength of 1.64N/mm2.

Whereas, the compressive strength of the SCBs in NPK solution was higher at 7days (1.7N/mm2, 1.74 N/mm2, 2.12N/mm2, 2.13N/mm2, 2.11N/mm2). After 56 days and 90 days, a white layer was observed to form within the SCB exposed to high concentrations of NPK. This was related to the likely ions exchange reaction with calcium hydroxide. The SCB were found to be suitable for use in the construction of ware houses to store NPK fertilizer as long as the selection of the soil and block production was based on standard code and the structure is kept dry from moisture.


Assessment of the Compressive Strength of Soil Cement Block Exposed to NPK Fertilizer

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

… As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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