1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
Marriage is widely regarded as a cornerstone of human society, serving as a foundation for family life and social structure. It is an institution built on mutual understanding, love, respect, and shared responsibilities. However, in recent times, marriages have increasingly come under pressure from various internal and external factors, leading to a rise in marital problems (Adeoye, 2020). Marital problems are disruptions in the normal flow of marital life, often marked by persistent conflict, dissatisfaction, and communication breakdown. They manifest in different forms, such as emotional neglect, financial disagreements, infidelity, and lack of intimacy. In many cases, these problems are compounded by unrealistic expectations, cultural influences, and societal stressors that place undue strain on marital relationships (Nwachukwu & Egbo, 2019).
The changing nature of modern society, including urbanization, economic hardship, and increased individualism, has contributed to the growing incidence of marital discord. Couples now face more challenges in balancing career demands with family life, maintaining communication, and meeting each other’s emotional and psychological needs (Okon, 2021). In some cultures, rigid gender roles and lack of spousal equality further exacerbate these problems.
According to Ibrahim & Yusuf (2018), the effects of marital problems are often far-reaching. They not only reduce marital satisfaction and happiness but can also lead to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. Children raised in conflict-ridden homes may suffer emotionally and academically, as parental conflict often translates to poor parenting and a lack of emotional support (Ibrahim & Yusuf, 2018). At a broader level, increased marital instability contributes to a rise in separation and divorce rates, weakening the social fabric of communities.
Marriage is a socially and legally recognized union between two individuals that establishes rights and obligations between them, their children, and their in-laws (Hornby, 2015). It is intended to provide companionship, emotional support, and a stable environment for raising children. However, marital relationships are often challenged by a variety of problems that can lead to dissatisfaction, conflict, and in some cases, dissolution.
Marital problems according to Olusola (2019) refer to the issues or conflicts that arise between married couples which disrupt the peace and harmony of the relationship (Olusola, 2019). The causes of marital problems are often complex and multifaceted. Some originate from personal traits or past experiences of the partners, while others are triggered by external pressures such as economic hardship or societal expectations (Eze & Okonkwo, 2020). The effects of marital problems are far-reaching. Apart from emotional distress, these problems can lead to mental health issues, domestic violence, and in extreme cases, divorce. Children raised in conflict-ridden homes may suffer from behavioral issues, academic setbacks, and emotional instability (Johnson & Brown, 2018). Therefore, this research study seeks to examine the causes and effects of marital problems, with the aim of identifying the underlying factors that contribute to these issues and their impact on the individuals and society at large.
1.2 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the root causes of marital problems are not always acknowledged or properly addressed. Communication issues, for instance, are often dismissed as temporary misunderstandings, while deeper emotional disconnection continues to grow. Financial stress is another major factor that is quietly eroding the foundations of many marriages, especially in households where income is limited and economic pressures are high (Olaleye & Bassey, 2019). Additionally, cultural expectations, family interference, and unmet emotional needs are creating environments where conflicts are normalized rather than resolved.
Furthermore, marital problems are not just private issues they have broader social consequences. When couples live in constant conflict, it affects their mental health and productivity. Children growing up in such environments are likely to suffer emotional trauma, academic difficulties, and behavioral challenges (Ibrahim & Yusuf, 2018). It is against the backdrop that this study seeks to explore the actual causes and effects of marital problems with the aim of creating awareness and encouraging interventions that support healthy, resilient marital relationships.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of this study is to examine the causes and effects of marital problems among couples. The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
- To examine the effects of marital problems on the emotional and psychological well-being of spouses.
- To identify the major causes of marital problems among couples.
- To assess how marital problems affect children and family stability.
- To explore the influence of cultural, economic, and societal factors on marital conflict.
- To suggest practical recommendations and interventions for resolving or minimizing marital problems.
1.4 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- What are the major causes of marital problems among couples?
- How do marital problems affect the emotional and psychological well-being of spouses?
- In what ways do marital problems impact children and overall family stability?
- What role do cultural, economic, and societal factors play in contributing to marital conflict?
- What practical recommendations and interventions are effective in resolving or minimizing marital problems?
1.5 Significance of Study
The outcome of this research will enable counselors, therapists, and social workers to design more effective support programs tailored to the needs of troubled marriages. The findings will also be useful for policymakers and family welfare organizations, as they will highlight areas that require intervention to promote healthy family environments. Additionally, the study will raise awareness among the general public about the importance of communication, mutual respect, and financial management in maintaining a stable marriage.
Furthermore, this research will contribute to academic knowledge by providing empirical data on marital problems within the specific cultural and social context studied, which will be helpful for future researchers interested in family and relationship studies.
Lastly, the study will encourage couples to seek timely help and implement practical solutions that will improve their marital satisfaction and overall family well-being.
1.6 Scope of Study
This study focuses on the causes and effects of marital problems among married couples residing in Lagos State, Nigeria.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
Several limitations were encountered during the course of this study, which may have influenced the results and conclusions.
- Delay from Respondents: Many participants experienced delay in completing questionnaires or participating in interviews affected the smooth flow of the study and extended the data collection period beyond initial expectations.
- Financial Constraints: Due to budget limitations, there was insufficient funding to expand the research to a larger sample size or to include more varied geographic locations, which might have provided a broader perspective.
- Time Constraints: The research study had to be completed within a fixed academic or project timeline, restricting in-depth exploration of some aspects of marital problems.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Marital Problems:
Marital problems refer to the conflicts, disagreements, and challenges that arise between spouses in a marriage relationship. These issues often involve communication breakdowns, financial stress, infidelity, and differences in values or expectations (Amato & Rogers, 1997). Such problems affect not only the partners but also their emotional well-being and family harmony.
Causes of Marital Problems:
These are the underlying factors or triggers that lead to conflicts in marriage. Common causes include poor communication, financial difficulties, lack of trust, incompatible personalities, and external pressures from family or society (Karney & Bradbury, 1995).
Effects of Marital Problems:
The effects of marital problems extend beyond the couple and often impact their psychological health, children, and social life. Emotional consequences such as stress, depression, and anxiety are common, while children may experience behavioral issues due to parental conflict (Cummings & Davies, 2002).
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