1.1 Introduction
A water tank is a container for storing water. The need for a water tank is as old as civilization, to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking water irrigation agriculture, agricultural farming both for plants and livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses in our environment. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings. Various materials are used for making a water tank: plastic, polyethylene, polypropylene, stainless, carbon or welded. Earthen pots also function as water storages. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to stores clean water.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Water tank, also known as a water tower will create a pressure at the ground – level outlet of 1 kpa per 10.2cm or 1 psi per 2.31 feet of elevation. Thus a tank elevated to elevated to 70 feet creates about 30 psi of estic and instrustrial requirements. Vertical cylindrical dome top tanks may hold million gallons. Horizontal cylindrical tanks are typically used for transport because their low- profile creates a low center of gravity helping to maintain equilibrium for the transport vehicle, trailer or truck a hydro – pneumatic tank is typically a horizontal pressurized storage tank. Press uprising this reservoir of water creates a surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution system.
Aggregate is a composite term for the mineral materials such as sand, gravel, slag and crushed stone which are used with a binding medium such as (water, portland cement, bitumen, lime, etc.) and it forms compound materials such as (asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete). These aggregates can be used for base and sub-base courses for both flexible and rigid-pavements. They can either be natural or manufactured. Naturally they are generally extracted from larger rock formations through an open excavation (quarry).This extracted rock are then typically reduced to usable sizes by mechanical crushing. While the manufactured aggregate is often the byproduct of other manufacturing industries (Cvut, 2014).
Aggregates are most important component of concrete. To make a good concrete mix, aggregates should be clean, hard, strong particles (free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay) and other fine materials that could cause the failure of concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories- fine and coarse. Fine aggregates are generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing through a 3/8-inch sieve. Coarse aggregates are the particles of size greater than 0.19 inch but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in diameter. The gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making up most of the remainder (Cement, 2014).
Structural lightweight aggregate concrete is versatile material in modern construction. Its various applications include multi-storey building frames and floors, bridges, and pre-stressed or precast elements. Lightweight-aggregate concrete has a substantially lower bulk density than that of concrete made with gravel or crushed stone. The lower bulk density results from using lightweight aggregates, either natural or manufactured artificially. Many types of aggregates are classified as lightweight and are used to produce concretes with a wide range of densities and strengths. These include low density concretes, moderate strength concretes, and structural lightweight concretes, each of which is discussed in more detail in the following, along with the types of aggregates normally used in its production. It is required to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete.
For this purpose fibrous concrete is brought into existence. Various types of fibres such as steel, glass and organic polymers are used in fibrous concrete. The addition of fibers to concrete helps in minimizing plastic shrinkage and cracks which helps in enhancing the durability of the structure. The reduction in surface and internal cracks prevents the entry of moisture to the material and other harmful chemicals which can have a severe effect on concrete.
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Construction of 500 Liters Water Capacity Tank.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that installing concrete for the construction of 500 liters water capacity tank is a challenging job and every concrete placement is different. Size, shape, color, finish and depth of a residential project all have to be considered when pouring concrete. Once these items are decided on, the steps to place concrete are relatively always the same in regard to layout, preparation, and concrete placement.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to design and construct of 500 Liters Water Capacity Tank. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To explore the possible application of lightweight aggregate concrete in water retaining structures precisely water tanks;
- To provide guidance in the design and construction of circular priestess’s concrete using tendons; and
- To observe the improvement in the properties of lightweight aggregate concrete upon the addition of polypropylene fibre along with the cost estimation of the project.
1.5 Justification of Study
The relevance of the proposed system is that water is needed in farming especially during dry season, with the used of water tank, rain water will be collected with water collect or quickly into the tank. Water tank came into existence because of human needs in the whole world. It is very essential that tank is suggested to be in our environment in other to store water during raining seasons.
Many years ago in our local parts of Nigeria, people always store water in a clay pot. Their thought was that there are no other ways of storing water, but nom we are on mechanization world” water can be stored in large quantity and differences types of water tanks. There is underground tank, plastic tank, stainless and constructed galvanized sheet tank. Water is necessary in every environment, industrial use home use.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Construction of 500 Liters Water Capacity Tank in Nigeria. This research incorporates the production of light weight aggregate from grey shale by bloating method in Rotary kiln. The water retention, temperature control, unit weight reduction and water absorption behaviour of Reinforced LWAC and the effect of Polypropylene fibre on it.
Also, material required in FLWAC Tank is estimated, as well as comparative study of the cost requisite for the construction of RCC OHWT based on the steel reduction in FLWAC is assimilated in this project. Beyond these limitations everything will be considered out of this project.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Methodology
- Design of the structure.
- Selecting an appropriate method for the material production.
- Calculating the targeted compressive strength of this material.
- Analyzing the impact of water on this material in different conditions.
- Construction of the overhead water tank.
- Testing and monitoring of the project.
All these steps have been carried out in this presented report. Based on the information gathered from these steps the result is concluded in the report.
